scholarly journals A Review on the Effects of Flame Retardant Additives Towards the Environment and Human Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 7983-7993
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Solid Wastes ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Toxicology Assessment

Flame retardant additives (FRAs) are normally the addition of chemicals that function to prevent or slow the spread of fires. These chemicals are used in consumer products and industries and could retain in the environment even after several decades. The toxicity mechanism and risk assessment methods of FRAs are also discussed in this paper. Papers from Scopus, Elsevier, Environmental health perspectives (EHP), Research gate, Semantic scholar, Hindawi, and Pubmed from 2003 to recent years were reviewed to provide some views on the possible risks of FRAs and their pathways into our environment as well as into human body. While FRAs could enter the environment during the manufacturing process and the usage period, consumer items are treated with FRAs, through waste streams, during illegal open burning of solid wastes, from incineration plants from landfill leachate and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludge. FRAs are hazardous to humans and the environment; therefore, toxicology assessment should also be consistently conducted on the latest FRAs to ensure that they would not have adverse effects on humans and the environment.

scholarly journals Quantitative Health Risk Assessment of Wastewater Treatment Plant Worker Exposed to Staphylococcus Aureus Bioaerosol During Warm and Cold Periods: Disease Burden and Sensitivity Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-xin Ma ◽  
Bei-bei Cui ◽  
Man-li Liu ◽  
Jie Yuan ◽  
Cheng Yan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment

Abstract Biological treatment in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) releases high amounts of bioaerosols carrying a variety of pathogens. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is a framework prevalently intended for the quantitative estimation of health risks for occupational exposure scenarios (e.g. in WWTPs). However, the quantitative contributions of health-risk-estimate inputted variable parameters remain ambiguous. Therefore, this research aimed to study the disease burden of workers exposed to Staphylococcus aureus bioaerosol during warm and cold periods and to strictly quantify the contributions of the inputted parameters of disease burden by sensitivity analysis based on Monte Carlo simulation. The results showed that the disease health risk burden in the warm period was higher than in the cold period, disease health risk burden in the rotating-disc aeration mode was regularly higher than in the microporous aeration mode. The disease health risk burden of the workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) almost all satisfied the WHO benchmark (≤10E-6 DALYs pppy), and was consistently lower by one or two orders of magnitude than the workers without PPE in both warm and cold periods. Referring to the sensitivity analysis, exposure concentration and aerosol ingestion rate were the most and second predominant factor for the estimated risk in all exposure scenarios, respectively. The sensitivity of the removal fraction by employing PPE ranked third in the contribution to disease health risk burden. In addition, no remarkable differences were revealed in the sensitivity percentage ratio between warm and cold periods. This research can deepen the understanding of the QMRA framework and promote the development of sensitivity analysis, especially under various meteorological conditions (warm and cold periods).

scholarly journals Analysis of Risk Assessment in a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Located in Upper Silesia

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Łój-Pilch ◽  
Anita Zakrzewska
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Human Beings

Nowadays, risk management applies to every technical facility, branch of the economy, and industry. Due to the characteristics of the analyzed wastewater treatment plant and the specificity of the used processes, one must approach different areas individually. Municipal sewage treatment plants are technical facilities; they function as enterprises and are elements of larger systems—water distribution and sewage disposal. Due to their strategic importance for the environment and human beings, it is essential that they are covered by risk management systems. The basic stage of risk management is its assessment. On its basis, strategic decisions are made and new solutions are introduced. Constant monitoring of the operation of a treatment plant allows for assessment of whether actions taken are correct and whether they cause deterioration of the quality of sewage. In our work, we present a method of risk assessment based on historical data for an existing facility and obtained results.

Occurrence, fate and risk assessment of BPA and its substituents in wastewater treatment plant: A review

2019 ◽  
Vol 178 ◽  
pp. 108732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Hu ◽  
Qingqing Zhu ◽  
Xueting Yan ◽  
Chunyang Liao ◽  
Guibin Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant
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