scholarly journals Involvement of Macrophages in Proliferation of Prostate Cancer Cells Infected with Trichomonas vaginalis

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 557-564
Author(s):  
Kyu-Shik Kim ◽  
Hong-Sang Moon ◽  
Sang-Su Kim ◽  
Jae-Sook Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Conditioned Medium ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Cytokine Receptor ◽  
Cytokine Receptors ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Prostate Cancer Cells ◽  
Mouse Prostate

Macrophages play a key role in chronic inflammation, and are the most abundant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. We investigated whether an interaction between inflamed prostate cancer cells stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis and macrophages stimulates the proliferation of the cancer cells. Conditioned medium was prepared from T. vaginalis-infected (TCM) and uninfected (CM) mouse prostate cancer (PCa) cell line (TRAMP-C2 cells). Thereafter conditioned medium was prepared from macrophages (J774A.1 cell line) after incubation with CM (MCM) or TCM (MTCM). When TRAMP-C2 cells were stimulated with T. vaginalis, protein and mRNA levels of CXCL1 and CCL2 increased, and migration of macrophages toward TCM was more extensive than towards CM. Macrophages stimulated with TCM produced higher levels of CCL2, IL-6, TNF-α, their mRNAs than macrophages stimulated with CM. MTCM stimulated the proliferation and invasiveness of TRAMP-C2 cells as well as the expression of cytokine receptors (CCR2, GP130, CXCR2). Importantly, blocking of each cytokine receptors with anti-cytokine receptor antibody significantly reduced the proliferation and invasiveness of TRAMP-C2 cells. We conclude that inflammatory mediators released by TRAMP-C2 cells in response to infection by T. vaginalis stimulate the migration and activation of macrophages and the activated macrophages stimulate the proliferation and invasiveness of the TRAMP-C2 cells via cytokine-cytokine receptor binding. Our results therefore suggested that macrophages contribute to the exacerbation of PCa due to inflammation of prostate cancer cells reacted with T. vaginalis.

scholarly journals Proliferation of Mouse Prostate Cancer Cells Inflamed by Trichomonas vaginalis

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 547-556
Author(s):  
Sang-Su Kim ◽  
Kyu-Shik Kim ◽  
Ik-Hwan Han ◽  
Yeseul Kim ◽  
Seong Sik Bang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Cytokine Receptor ◽  
Cytokine Receptors ◽  
Receptor Signaling ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Mouse Prostate ◽  
Proliferation And Invasion

Our objective was to investigate whether inflammatory microenvironment induced by Trichomonas vaginalis infection can stimulate proliferation of prostate cancer (PCa) cells in vitro and in vivo mouse experiments. The production of CXCL1 and CCL2 increased when cells of the mouse PCa cells (TRAMP-C2 cell line) were infected with live T. vaginalis. T. vaginalis-conditioned medium (TCM) prepared from co-culture of PCa cells and T. vaginalis increased PCa cells migration, proliferation and invasion. The cytokine receptors (CXCR2, CCR2, gp130) were expressed higher on the PCa cells treated with TCM. Pretreatment of PCa cells with antibodies to these cytokine receptors significantly reduced the proliferation, mobility and invasiveness of PCa cells, indicating that TCM has its effect through cytokine-cytokine receptor signaling. In C57BL/6 mice, the prostates injected with T. vaginalis mixed PCa cells were larger than those injected with PCa cells alone after 4 weeks. Expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers and cyclin D1 in the prostate tissue injected with T. vaginalis mixed PCa cells increased than those of PCa cells alone. Collectively, it was suggested that inflammatory reactions by T. vaginalis-stimulated PCa cells increase the proliferation and invasion of PCa cells through cytokine-cytokine receptor signaling pathways.

scholarly journals Regenerated Luminal Epithelial Cells Are Derived from Preexisting Luminal Epithelial Cells in Adult Mouse Prostate

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 1849-1857 ◽  
Author(s):  
June Liu ◽  
Laura E. Pascal ◽  
Sudhir Isharwal ◽  
Daniel Metzger ◽  
Raquel Ramos Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Androgen Deprivation Therapy ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Androgen Deprivation ◽  
Genetic Lineage ◽  
Prostate Cancer Cells ◽  
Mouse Prostate ◽  
Luminal Epithelial Cells

Abstract Determining the source of regenerated luminal epithelial cells in the adult prostate during androgen deprivation and replacement will provide insights into the origin of prostate cancer cells and their fate during androgen deprivation therapy. Prostate stem cells in the epithelial layer have been suggested to give rise to luminal epithelium. However, the extent of stem cell participation to prostate regrowth is not clear. In this report, using prostate-specific antigen-CreERT2-based genetic lineage marking/tracing in mice, preexisting luminal epithelial cells were shown to be a source of regenerated luminal epithelial cells in the adult prostate. Prostatic luminal epithelial cells could survive androgen deprivation and were capable of proliferating upon androgen replacement. Prostate cancer cells, typically exhibiting a luminal epithelial phenotype, may retain this intrinsic capability to survive and regenerate in response to changes in androgen signaling, providing part of the mechanism for the ultimate failure of androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer.

Mouse prostate tumor inhibition via disruption of murine telomerase: In vivo and in vitro data for a new preclinical cancer model

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e14631-e14631
Author(s):  
T. Xu ◽  
Y. Xu ◽  
R. Lao ◽  
K. He ◽  
L. Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Cell Line ◽  
Telomerase Activity ◽  
Telomerase Rna ◽  
Prostate Cancer Cells ◽  
Mouse Prostate

e14631 Background: Telomerase-interference (TI), a novel therapeutic strategy, exploits the high telomerase activity in prostate cancer by introducing a mutated telomerase RNA (MT-Ter) that encodes toxic telomeres. Until now, TI has been tested by targeting human telomerase in tumor cells xenografted into immuno-deficient mice, an inadequate model for predicting efficacy and toxicity. We designed and validated 2 new TI gene constructs that specifically target murine telomerase RNA (mTER), enabling the study of TI in preclinical mouse models that are immuno-competent and that develop endogenous prostate tumors. Methods: We designed 2 constructs and cloned them into a lentiviral delivery system: MT-mTER and siRNA against wild type mTer (α-mTer-siRNA). Using a mouse prostate cancer cell line, E4, we tested the 2 constructs for expression (RT-PCR), telomerase activity (TRAP), and biologic activity (53bp1 DNA damage staining, MTS growth assay, TUNEL and caspase apoptosis assays), as well as in vivo efficacy (NOD-SCID allografts). Results: We confirmed MT-mTER expression (∼50-fold) and showed that α-mTer-siRNA specifically depleted WT-mTER (80% reduction) but not MT-mTER when the 2 constructs are co-expressed; thus, the 2 constructs in combination effectively substituted MT-mTer for WT-mTer in the mouse prostate cancer cells. MT-mTER caused mutant telomeric repeats (TTTGGG instead of TTAGGG) to be added to the ends of telomeres, resulting in rapid telomeric uncapping marked by 53bp1 DNA damage foci (an average 7.5 foci/cell vs. 1.4 foci/cell in vector control). This, in turn, led to rapid and significant apoptosis (>90% TUNEL and caspase +) and growth inhibition in vitro (90% reduction by MTS) and in vivo (75% reduction in tumor allograft size). Conclusions: We successfully designed and validated MT-mTer and α-mTer-siRNA, 2 novel gene constructs that specifically target and co-opt murine telomerase activity within mouse prostate cancer cells. These constructs offer a significant advantage, as they can be used to investigate TI in immuno-competent mice that develop prostate cancer, thereby modeling actual human disease and testing TI-based therapies in a much more informative and authentic manner. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals Splicing Factor Prp8 Interacts With NESAR and Regulates Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer Cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1731-1742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Wang ◽  
Minh M. Nguyen ◽  
Khalid Z. Masoodi ◽  
Prabhpreet Singh ◽  
Yifeng Jing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Splicing Factor ◽  
Luciferase Assay ◽  
Nuclear Accumulation ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Prostate Cancer Cells ◽  
Castration Resistant

Abstract Androgen receptor (AR) plays a pivotal role in the development of primary as well as advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer. Previous work in our lab identified a novel nuclear export signal (NES) (NESAR) in AR ligand-binding domain essential for AR nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. By characterizing the localization of green fluorescence protein (GFP)-tagged NESAR, we designed and executed a yeast mutagenesis screen and isolated 7 yeast mutants that failed to display the NESAR export function. One of those mutants was identified as the splicing factor pre-mRNA processing factor 8 (Prp8). We further showed that Prp8 could regulate NESAR function using short hairpin RNA knockdown of Prp8 coupled with a rapamycin export assay in mammalian cells and knockdown of Prp8 could induce nuclear accumulation of GFP-tagged AR in PC3 cells. Prp8 expression was decreased in castration-resistant LuCaP35 xenograft tumors as compared with androgen-sensitive xenografts. Laser capture microdissection and quantitative PCR showed Prp8 mRNA levels were decreased in human prostate cancer specimens with high Gleason scores. In prostate cancer cells, coimmunoprecipitation and deletion mutagenesis revealed a physical interaction between Prp8 and AR mainly mediated by NESAR. Luciferase assay with prostate specific antigen promoter-driven reporter demonstrated that Prp8 regulated AR transcription activity in prostate cancer cells. Interestingly, Prp8 knockdown also increased polyubiquitination of endogenous AR. This may be 1 possible mechanism by which it modulates AR activity. These results show that Prp8 is a novel AR cofactor that interacts with NESAR and regulates AR function in prostate cancer cells.

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