Excavations at Crookston Castle, Glasgow 1973–75

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN LEWIS
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
12Th Century

Three seasons (1973–75) of excavation were undertaken at several locations around Crookston Castle, which is thought to have begun as a timber and earth fortification in the twelfth century. This was replaced by a stone castle around AD 1400. Trenches were opened across the castle's outer defences, the entrance, the E range and in and around the extant stone tower. There was evidence to suggest that the original counterscarp of the ditch was repaired some time after the stone castle was built and that the gatehouse area was refashioned on more than one occasion. No dating evidence was found to date the construction of the main defensive ditch, which is presumed to have been dug in the 12th century.

6. The long interlude: (12th century to 7th century bc )

2016 ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
Trevor Bryce
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
The Bronze Age

In the early twelfth century bc, the Greek and Near Eastern worlds were shaken by a series of catastrophic upheavals that brought the Bronze Age to an end. ‘The long interlude’ outlines the period of Babylonian history spanning the centuries from the fall of the Kassite dynasty in the mid-twelfth century to the rise of the Neo-Babylonian kingdom in the late seventh. In the course of these centuries, a number of dynasties rose and fell in Babylonia, most of them weak and short-lived, reflecting the frequent ebb and occasional flow of Babylonia’s political and military fortunes. Environmental factors, new tribal groups, and the preservation of Babylonian cultural traditions are discussed.

Papal Adventus at Rome in the Twelfth Century

1996 ◽  
Vol 69 (170) ◽  
pp. 233-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Twyman
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Literary Sources

AbstractThe vitae of the 12th-century popes and other literary sources contain references to reception ceremonies performed to honour a pope arriving at Rome. For the papacy these events were a part of its imitatio imperii, a conscious imitation of the antique imperial ceremony of adventus, and an opportunity for the Romans to express their consent to papal rule. But detailed investigation reveals the hitherto unnoticed fact that these ceremonies almost invariably occurred at times of transition and upheaval such as when a papal election had been disrupted or contested, or after popular rebellion against papal rule. Under such circumstances adventus was performed as part of the process of reconciliation between the pope and the Romans.

Rāmisht of Sīrāf, a Merchant Millionaire of the Twelfth Century

1967 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Silver Plate ◽  
The Third ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
The Persian Gulf

The geographer Ibn Ḥawqal, who wrote his invaluable description of the Muslim world in the 10th century, devotes a paragraph to Sīrāf, the great port of the Persian Gulf. In the 12th century an anonymous author made an epitome of Ibn Ḥawqal's book, adding, however, a number of remarks concerning his own period. In the description of Sīrāf he interpolated the following passage:Its inhabitants are very rich. I was told that one of them, feeling ill, made his testament; the third part of his fortune, which he had in cash, amounted to a million dīnārs, not counting the capital which he laid out to people who undertook to trade with it on commenda basis. Then there is Rāmisht, whose son Mūsā I have met in Aden, in the year 539; he told me that the silver plate used by him was, when weighed, found to be 1,200 manns. Mūsā is the youngest of his sons and has the least merchandise; Rāmisht has four servants, each of whom is said to be richer than his son Mūsā. I have met 'Alī al-Nīlī from the countryside of al-Ḥilla, Rāmisht's clerk, and he told me that when he came back from China twenty years before, his merchandise was worth half a million dīnārs; if that is the wealth of his clerk, what will he himself be worth! It was Rāmisht who removed the silver water-spout of the Ka'ba and replaced it with a golden one, and also covered the Ka'ba with Chinese cloth, the value of which cannot be estimated. In short, I have heard of no merchant in our time who has equalled Rāmisht in wealth or prestige.

Jewish-Christian Polemics at the Turning Point: Jewish Evidence from the Twelfth Century

1996 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Lasker
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Anti Jewish

In 1968 Amos Funkenstein published an article in Hebrew entitled “Changes in the Patterns of Christian Anti-Jewish Polemics in the 12th Century.” In that article, Funkenstein argues that Christian attitudes toward Jews underwent a change in the twelfth century, a change discernable in the Christian polemical literature of the period. In contrast to the previous Christian strategy of polemicizing against Judaism through a battery of prooftexts, ortestimonia, the innovative polemics introduced three important elements—the recourse to reason, the attack on the Talmud, and the use of the Talmud to prove the truth of Christianity. These innovations signaled the beginning of the end of the relative Christian tolerance of Jews and Judaism inspired by the writings of Augustine.

scholarly journals Spiritual and Material Rewards on the Christian-Muslim Frontier: Norman Crusaders in the Valley of the Ebro in the First Half of the Twelfth Century

Medievalismo ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Villegas-Aristizábal
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Cultural Group ◽  
Religious Transformation ◽  
Ebro Valley ◽  
12Th Century

This article explores the involvement of the Norman nobility in the wars between Christians and Muslims in the Ebro Valley in the first half of the 12th Century. The work recognises how the participation of the this particular ethno-cultural group in the peninsula was renovated to a certain degree by the deeds and religious transformation that took place as result of the preaching and success of the crusade. Furthermore, by exploring the careers of Rotrou of Perche, Robert Burdet and Walter Guidvilla this piece demonstrates how their religiosity as well as the filial relations and traditional desire for wealth that characterise this group of warriors, made the Iberian theatre of conflict so attractive at this particular period. Also, this article, tries to show how their Iberians lay and clerical coreligionists perceived the usefulness of these Norman contingents in their conflict with the Almoravids.

scholarly journals Primitive robotic procedures: Automotions for medical liquids in 12th century Asia minor

2014 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 300
Author(s):  
Necmettin Penbegul ◽  
Murat Atar ◽  
Muammer Kendirci ◽  
Yasar Bozkurt ◽  
Namık Kemal Hatipoglu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Robotic Surgery ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Robotic Applications ◽  
Day By Day

In recent years, day by day, robotic surgery applications have increase their role in our medical life. In this article, we reported the discovery of the first primitive robotic applications as automatic machines for the sensitive calculation of liquids such as blood in the literature. Al-Jazari who wrote the book “Elcâmi ‘Beyne’l - ‘ilm ve’l - ‘amel en-nâfi ‘fi es-sınaâ ‘ti’l - hiyel”, lived in Anatolian territory between 1136 and 1206. In this book that was written in the twelfth century, Al-Jazari described nearly fifty graphics of robotic machines and six of them that were designed for medical purposes. We found that some of the robots mentioned in this book are related to medical applications. This book reviews approximately 50 devices, including water clocks, candle clocks, ewers, various automata used for amusement in drink assemblies, automata used for ablution, blood collection tanks, fountains, music devices, devices for water lifting, locks, a protractor, a boat-shaped water clock, and the gate of Diyarbakir City in south-east of Turkey, actually in northern Mesopotamia. We found that automata used for ablution and blood collection tanks were related with medical applications; therefore, we will describe these robots.

scholarly journals Manuel I Komnenos and Michael Glycas: A Twelfth-Century Defence and Refutation of Astrology

2001 ◽  
Vol 05 (02) ◽  
pp. 23-51
Author(s):  
Demetra George
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Christian Doctrine ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
A Charge ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Church

Manuel Komnenos, emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 1143-1180, utilized astrology in his political and personal life, as well as supporting translations of occult literature in his court. When the Church Patriarch presented Manuel with a letter from a simple monk claiming that the astrological teaching was a sacrilege, Manuel could not allow a charge of heresy to be leveled against him. He composed a defense of astrology, asserting that it was compatible with Christian doctrine. This treatise is his only surviving document, and this is the first time that it has been translated from the Greek into any language since its composition in the 12th century. The commentary takes up specific points for clarification. The next issue of Culture and Cosmos will contain the text of its refutation by Manuel's nemesis Michael Glykas, a learned theologian.

Women in twelfth-century English lawsuits

2018 ◽  
Vol 86 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 339-344
Author(s):  
R.C. van Caenegem
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
Law Courts ◽  
The Middle Ages

Summary Notwithstanding that the role of women in law courts could be expected to be modest for the Middle Ages, a perusal of lawsuits of the 12th century produced even a lesser proportion than expected.

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