Jewish-Christian Polemics at the Turning Point: Jewish Evidence from the Twelfth Century

1996 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Lasker
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Anti Jewish

In 1968 Amos Funkenstein published an article in Hebrew entitled “Changes in the Patterns of Christian Anti-Jewish Polemics in the 12th Century.” In that article, Funkenstein argues that Christian attitudes toward Jews underwent a change in the twelfth century, a change discernable in the Christian polemical literature of the period. In contrast to the previous Christian strategy of polemicizing against Judaism through a battery of prooftexts, ortestimonia, the innovative polemics introduced three important elements—the recourse to reason, the attack on the Talmud, and the use of the Talmud to prove the truth of Christianity. These innovations signaled the beginning of the end of the relative Christian tolerance of Jews and Judaism inspired by the writings of Augustine.

Excavations at Crookston Castle, Glasgow 1973–75

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN LEWIS
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
12Th Century

Three seasons (1973–75) of excavation were undertaken at several locations around Crookston Castle, which is thought to have begun as a timber and earth fortification in the twelfth century. This was replaced by a stone castle around AD 1400. Trenches were opened across the castle's outer defences, the entrance, the E range and in and around the extant stone tower. There was evidence to suggest that the original counterscarp of the ditch was repaired some time after the stone castle was built and that the gatehouse area was refashioned on more than one occasion. No dating evidence was found to date the construction of the main defensive ditch, which is presumed to have been dug in the 12th century.

6. The long interlude: (12th century to 7th century bc )

2016 ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
Trevor Bryce
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
The Bronze Age

In the early twelfth century bc, the Greek and Near Eastern worlds were shaken by a series of catastrophic upheavals that brought the Bronze Age to an end. ‘The long interlude’ outlines the period of Babylonian history spanning the centuries from the fall of the Kassite dynasty in the mid-twelfth century to the rise of the Neo-Babylonian kingdom in the late seventh. In the course of these centuries, a number of dynasties rose and fell in Babylonia, most of them weak and short-lived, reflecting the frequent ebb and occasional flow of Babylonia’s political and military fortunes. Environmental factors, new tribal groups, and the preservation of Babylonian cultural traditions are discussed.

Papal Adventus at Rome in the Twelfth Century

1996 ◽  
Vol 69 (170) ◽  
pp. 233-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Twyman
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Literary Sources

AbstractThe vitae of the 12th-century popes and other literary sources contain references to reception ceremonies performed to honour a pope arriving at Rome. For the papacy these events were a part of its imitatio imperii, a conscious imitation of the antique imperial ceremony of adventus, and an opportunity for the Romans to express their consent to papal rule. But detailed investigation reveals the hitherto unnoticed fact that these ceremonies almost invariably occurred at times of transition and upheaval such as when a papal election had been disrupted or contested, or after popular rebellion against papal rule. Under such circumstances adventus was performed as part of the process of reconciliation between the pope and the Romans.

scholarly journals The Massacres of the Jews under Richard I (A.D. 1189–1190)

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 821
Author(s):  
Ted Booth
Keyword(s):  
Religious Violence ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Anti Jewish

This article is a consideration of medieval religious violence during the time of Richard I set within the historiography of such writers as Nirenberg, Cohen, and Moore. This paper specifically examines a series of anti-Jewish massacres which broke out in England in the immediate aftermath of the coronation of the Crusader King Richard I. While modern violence against minorities is often attributed to the irrational actions of persons with extreme prejudice or ideologies, we find something a bit more nuanced in the situation in 12th century England. Certainly, there were long-standing prejudices against the Jews in England. However, this paper will argue that while general European antisemitism did create an undercurrent of tension across Europe and especially in this case England; similar to Nirenberg’s thoughts these passions were manipulated by those involved to the point that they became incendiary to suit specific local purposes and passions.

Notes sur les assises méthodologiques d’une « histoire littéraire structurale »

Revue Romane ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-124
Author(s):  
Sarah Alharbi
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Genre Theory ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Potential Significance ◽  
Historical Interpretation ◽  
Structural Variety ◽  
Extensive Search ◽  
12Th Century

This article examines the conditions in which H. R. Jauss, in his conference entitled Literaturgeschichte als Provokation (1967), elaborated a new theoretical approach of “structural literary history”. The central position this essay holds in literary theory has accounted for its enabling a turning point in the practice and the pedagogy of literary studies : it provides a model for the problematic articulation between structural analysis and historical interpretation of texts. In an attempt to put his theory into perspective, the German historian conducted two research projects in medieval genre theory. He bases his argument on the example of animal tales from the satirical Roman de Renart of the late 12th century, and asserts that philologists, in their extensive search for evidence based on manuscript sources, have discarded both the hermeneutical interest and the structural variety developed by storytellers in their texts. This study wishes to measure the scope and the results of this instructive methodology in the context of its didactic application. It discusses the roots of the problem, as well as the potential significance of “structural literary history” for our contemporary understanding of the theory and the practice of reading.

scholarly journals Guilt and the Transformation of Christian-Jewish Relations

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Von Kellenbach
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Anti Jewish

While many church bodies condemned race-based antisemitism, both during and immediately after the Holocaust, the repudiation of theological anti-Judaism (e.g., the deicide charge and supersessionism) and renunciation of anti-Jewish writings by prominent theologians (e.g., Luther) required decades of intense study and negotiation. In Germany, in particular, activists in the Jewish-Christian dialogue understand the destruction of Jewish religious life in Europe as a turning point in Christian teachings on the Jewish future. In Dresden, for instance, the campaign to rebuild the destroyed Frauenkirche was tied to the construction of a new Jewish synagogue as a penitential act of restitution.   

Joseph Kimhi's Sefer Ha-Berit: Pathbreaking Medieval Jewish Apologetics

1992 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Chazan
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Spiritual Leadership ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
Jewish Intellectual ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Literature ◽  
Anti Jewish ◽  
Rich History

Christian anti-Jewish polemics have a long and rich history, stretching all the way back to the early stages of the new faith community. Anti-Jewish treatises dot the history of Christian literature from the third century onward. By contrast, Jews seem to have been much less concerned with combatting Christianity. It has been widely noted that the earliest Jewish compositions devoted to anti-Christian polemics stem from the twelfth century. While the twelfth-century provenance of the earliest Jewish anti-Christian tracts has long been recognized, little attention has been focused on the significance of this dating. The fact that sometime toward the end of the twelfth century, perhaps in the 1160s or 1170s, two anti-Christian works, the forerunners of a substantial body of Jewish anti-Christian polemical-apologetic works, were composed almost simultaneously begs interpetation. What changes gave rise to a new Jewish sensitivity, to a need to present Jewish readers with formulation and rebuttal of Christian claims? The answer clearly lies in the enhanced agressiveness of western Christendom toward the Jews, as well as other non-Christians, a development that has been recognized and discussed extensively in modern scholarly literature. In the face of an increasingly aggressive Christendom, Jewish intellectual and spiritual leadership had to reassure the Jewish flock of the rectitude of the Jewish vision and the nullity of the Christian faith. This is precisely what the first two anti-Christian treatises, the Milhamot ha-Shem of Jacob ben Reuven and the Sefer ha-Berit of Joseph Kimhi, undertook to achieve. Given the pioneering nature of these works, it is striking that insufficient scholarly attention has been accorded to these two efforts. They surely have much to tell both of perceived Christian thrusts and of meaningful Jewish rebuttal of these challenges.

EcclesiasticaandRegalia: Papal investiture policy from the Council of Guastalla to the First Lateran Council, 1106–23

1971 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 69-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Wilks
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Henry V ◽  
As If

It is commonly asserted that in the early years of the twelfth century the medieval papacy was suddenly afflicted with a bad attack of apostolic poverty. The consensus of historical opinion accepts that a pope, Paschal II, who had already distinguished himself by launching crusades against both eastern and western Roman emperors, acted so much out of character that, when forced to deal directly with Henry V over the question of episcopal investiture, he abruptly and to the astonishment of contemporaries ‘decreed the poverty of the whole Church’. It was as if St Peter had hiccoughed, and for a brief instant the Roman church was assailed by self-doubt, tacitly admitting that centuries of criticism of ecclesiastical secularity were justified. The attempt by Paschal to renounce the regalian rights of bishops in February IIII has become regarded by many as the turning point in a process described as weaning the papacy away from strict Gregorian principles, permitting the introduction of a spirit of moderation and compromise which would eventually lead to the Concordat of Worms and ‘the end of the Investiture Contest’.

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