On the Difficulties of Translating Haiku into English
The haiku is among the most concrete of poetic experiences, focusing on objects and sensations encountered in the natural world, including human nature. This is one reason why, while all literary texts, and especially poetry, can pose enormous difficulties to translators, haiku has unique ones. This essay is a pragmatic investigation into how issues of language, prosody, and cultural expectation can be resolved to recreate in English a living poem that retains the source text's content, emotional nuance, and aesthetic atmosphere. It proposes the idea of ‘aesthetic equivalence’ and applies it to a number of renowned haiku considered notoriously resistant to English rendition. A number of previous English translations of them are also critiqued.