Political Overconfidence Inhibits the Effectiveness of Inoculations Against Misperceptions

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.33774/apsa-2021-w1b25 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ian Anson

Keyword(s):

Objective Assessment ◽

Double Bind ◽

Random Subset ◽

Survey Experiments

In this study, I develop an experimental framework to examine whether political overconfidence leads Americans to defend political misperceptions. Politically overconfident Americans, who suffer from the “double bind” of ignorance described by the Dunning-Kruger Effect, are expected to resist the effects of corrective inoculations against misperceptions. In two survey experiments, I measure political overconfidence, and assess its effects on skepticism towards five common misperceptions. In one study, I randomly expose respondents to an inoculation message, and observationally assess the effects of political overconfidence on the inoculation’s effectiveness. In a second study, I experimentally manipulate overconfidence itself, by exposing a random subset of respondents to an objective assessment of their political knowledgeability before random exposure to an inoculation. Together, the results show that corrective inoculations can reduce support for misperceptions. However, among the politically overconfident, these treatments are ineffective.

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He Said, She Said: The Gender Double Bind in Legislator–Constituent Communication

Politics & Gender ◽

10.1017/s1743923x19000862 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-24

Author(s):

Mia Costa

Keyword(s):

Gender Stereotypes ◽

Double Bind ◽

Sexist Attitudes ◽

Survey Experiments ◽

Political Office ◽

Female Legislators ◽

Gender Specific

Abstract Citizens hold gender-specific stereotypes about women in political office, yet scholars disagree on whether these stereotypes lead to a “double bind” in which female legislators are held to higher standards than male legislators. Two survey experiments reveal how citizen evaluations of elite responsiveness to constituent mail are conditioned by gender and sexist attitudes. The findings suggest that a double bind does exist in legislator–constituent communication, even among people who have positive views of women. For instance, although the least sexist respondents favor communication from female legislators regardless of the quality of communication, they also punish women, but not men, for taking longer to respond to constituent mail. Male legislators are also more likely to be rewarded for being friendly as respondents’ sexism increases, but female legislators do not enjoy the same advantage, likely due to gender stereotypes and expectations regarding women's behavior.

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Objective Assessment of Hearing in Children: Update on Procedures and Protocols

Perspectives on Hearing and Hearing Disorders in Childhood ◽

10.1044/hhdc21.2.50 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 50-58

Author(s):

James W. Hall ◽

Anuradha R. Bantwal

Keyword(s):

Psychosocial Development ◽

Otoacoustic Emissions ◽

Objective Assessment ◽

Behavioral Assessment ◽

Auditory Brainstem ◽

Test Battery ◽

Auditory Evoked Responses ◽

Brainstem Response ◽

Assessment Techniques ◽

Pediatric Populations

Early identification and diagnosis of hearing loss in infants and young children is the first step toward appropriate and effective intervention and is critical for optimal communicative and psychosocial development. Limitations of behavioral assessment techniques in pediatric populations necessitate the use of an objective test battery to enable complete and accurate assessment of auditory function. Since the introduction of the cross-check principle 35 years ago, the pediatric diagnostic test battery has expanded to include, in addition to behavioral audiometry, acoustic immittance measures, otoacoustic emissions, and multiple auditory evoked responses (auditory brainstem response, auditory steady state response, and electrocochleography). We offer a concise description of a modern evidence-based audiological test battery that permits early and accurate diagnosis of auditory dysfunction.

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Fifth Edition: the New Standard

Guides Newsletter ◽

10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2000.novdec01 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Christopher R. Brigham ◽

James B. Talmage ◽

Leon H. Ensalada

Keyword(s):

Musculoskeletal System ◽

Medical Information ◽

Objective Assessment ◽

Scientific Data ◽

Practical Application ◽

Fourth Edition ◽

Appropriate Use ◽

Medical Evaluation ◽

Single Set

Abstract The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Fifth Edition, is available and includes numerous changes that will affect both evaluators who and systems that use the AMA Guides. The Fifth Edition is nearly twice the size of its predecessor (613 pages vs 339 pages) and contains three additional chapters (the musculoskeletal system now is split into three chapters and the cardiovascular system into two). Table 1 shows how chapters in the Fifth Edition were reorganized from the Fourth Edition. In addition, each of the chapters is presented in a consistent format, as shown in Table 2. This article and subsequent issues of The Guides Newsletter will examine these changes, and the present discussion focuses on major revisions, particularly those in the first two chapters. (See Table 3 for a summary of the revisions to the musculoskeletal and pain chapters.) Chapter 1, Philosophy, Purpose, and Appropriate Use of the AMA Guides, emphasizes objective assessment necessitating a medical evaluation. Most impairment percentages in the Fifth Edition are unchanged from the Fourth because the majority of ratings currently are accepted, there is limited scientific data to support changes, and ratings should not be changed arbitrarily. Chapter 2, Practical Application of the AMA Guides, describes how to use the AMA Guides for consistent and reliable acquisition, analysis, communication, and utilization of medical information through a single set of standards.

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390: The Use of Validated Scoring Systems to Improve Objective Assessment of Comorbid Risk in Men with Localised Prostate Cancer

The Journal of Urology ◽

10.1016/s0022-5347(18)37652-3 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 171 (4S) ◽

pp. 102-103

Author(s):

Rajinder Singh ◽

Declan Cahill ◽

Rick Popert ◽

Ronald Beaney ◽

Anthony Wierzbicki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Objective Assessment ◽

Scoring Systems

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What Can We Learn From Factorial Surveys About Human Behavior?

Methodology ◽

10.1027/1614-2241/a000161 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 19-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Knut Petzold ◽

Tobias Wolbring

Keyword(s):

Social Sciences ◽

Behavioral Intentions ◽

Actual Behavior ◽

Full Time ◽

Factorial Survey ◽

Survey Experiment ◽

Intended Behavior ◽

The Social ◽

Survey Experiments ◽

High Level

Abstract. Factorial survey experiments are increasingly used in the social sciences to investigate behavioral intentions. The measurement of self-reported behavioral intentions with factorial survey experiments frequently assumes that the determinants of intended behavior affect actual behavior in a similar way. We critically investigate this fundamental assumption using the misdirected email technique. Student participants of a survey were randomly assigned to a field experiment or a survey experiment. The email informs the recipient about the reception of a scholarship with varying stakes (full-time vs. book) and recipient’s names (German vs. Arabic). In the survey experiment, respondents saw an image of the same email. This validation design ensured a high level of correspondence between units, settings, and treatments across both studies. Results reveal that while the frequencies of self-reported intentions and actual behavior deviate, treatments show similar relative effects. Hence, although further research on this topic is needed, this study suggests that determinants of behavior might be inferred from behavioral intentions measured with survey experiments.

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