scholarly journals Aquaculture Reuse Water, Genetic Line, and Vaccination Affect Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Disease Susceptibility and Infection Dynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy L. Everson ◽  
Darbi R. Jones ◽  
Amy K. Taylor ◽  
Barb J. Rutan ◽  
Timothy D. Leeds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Genetic Line ◽  
Reuse Water ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Water Exposure

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and Flavobacterium psychrophilum are major pathogens of farmed rainbow trout. Improved control strategies are desired but the influence of on-farm environmental factors that lead to disease outbreaks remain poorly understood. Water reuse is an important environmental factor affecting disease. Prior studies have established a replicated outdoor-tank system capable of varying the exposure to reuse water by controlling water flow from commercial trout production raceways. The goal of this research was to evaluate the effect of constant or pulsed reuse water exposure on survival, pathogen prevalence, and pathogen load. Herein, we compared two commercial lines of rainbow trout, Clear Springs Food (CSF) and Troutex (Tx) that were either vaccinated against IHNV with a DNA vaccine or sham vaccinated. Over a 27-day experimental period in constant reuse water, all fish from both lines and treatments, died while mortality in control fish in spring water was <1%. Water reuse exposure, genetic line, vaccination, and the interaction between genetic line and water exposure affected survival (P<0.05). Compared to all other water sources, fish exposed to constant reuse water had 46- to 710-fold greater risk of death (P<0.0001). Tx fish had a 2.7-fold greater risk of death compared to CSF fish in constant reuse water (P ≤ 0.001), while risk of death did not differ in spring water (P=0.98). Sham-vaccinated fish had 2.1-fold greater risk of death compared to vaccinated fish (P=0.02). Both IHNV prevalence and load were lower in vaccinated fish compared to sham-vaccinated fish, and unexpectedly, F. psychrophilum load associated with fin/gill tissues from live-sampled fish was lower in vaccinated fish compared to sham-vaccinated fish. As a result, up to forty-five percent of unvaccinated fish were naturally co-infected with F. psychrophilum and IHNV and the coinfected fish exhibited the highest IHNV loads. Under laboratory challenge conditions, co-infection with F. psychrophilum and IHNV overwhelmed IHNV vaccine-induced protection. In summary, we demonstrate that exposure to reuse water or multi-pathogen challenge can initiate complex disease dynamics that can overwhelm both vaccination and host genetic resistance.

Toxicokinetics of Parathion and Paraoxon in Rainbow Trout after Intravascular Administration and Water Exposure

1996 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 194-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Abbas ◽  
I.R. Schultz ◽  
S. Doddapaneni ◽  
W.L. Hayton
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Water Exposure

scholarly journals Immune Response of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to Selected Antigens of Yersinia ruckeri

2009 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Unal Ispir ◽  
H. Bayram Gokhan ◽  
Mikail Ozcan ◽  
Mustafa Dorucu ◽  
Naim Saglam
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Phagocytic Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Yersinia Ruckeri ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Fish Group

In this study, effects of Yersinia ruckeri antigens on the immune mechanisms of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined. The weight of the 120 fish used in this study was 20–30 g. After injecting 1 mg of formalin-inactivated whole cells (FKC) and O-antigen (Ag-O) intraperitoneally, blood was taken from the caudal vein of anaesthetized fish and metabolic activity of leukocytes (Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) activities), phagocytic activity (PA), phagocytic index (PI), serum protein and serum total immunoglobulin (TIg) levels were determined on day 30 after the first immunization. The same procedure was conducted in the control group. In all the experimental groups, considerable increases in the immune indicators were found and significant differences detected between the control and experimental groups (p < 0.05). Metabolic activity of leukocytes decreased significantly (p < 0.05) during the following treatment with antigens compared to the control fish group.

The adrenergic volume changes of immature and mature rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) erythrocytes

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (19) ◽  
pp. 3025-3031 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Lecklin ◽  
A. Tuominen ◽  
M. Nikinmaa
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Volume Response ◽  
Fluorescence Polarisation

In this study, we examined whether the adrenergic volume response of teleost erythrocytes is related to cell maturity. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were made anaemic by reducing their haematocrit to approximately 50 % of the original value. After 3–4 weeks, small, young erythrocytes were seen in the circulation. By measuring the volume distribution of blood samples from anaemic fish before and after noradrenaline stimulation (10 min, 10(−5)mol l(−1) final concentration), we were able to show that the volume response of young, immature erythrocytes to catecholamine stimulation was greater than that of mature erythrocytes. In addition, the membrane fluidity, measured using the steady-state fluorescence polarisation method, was greater in anaemic fish after 24 days of recovery from bleeding than in control fish. Since blood from anaemic fish contained a large fraction of immature erythrocytes, this result indicates that the fluidity of the membrane of immature erythrocytes is greater than that of mature erythrocytes.

Nonaccidental Trauma

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa Padover ◽  
Jennifer K. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Child Abuse ◽  
Head Trauma ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Pediatric Trauma ◽  
Abusive Head Trauma ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Nonaccidental Trauma ◽  
Organ Systems

Nonaccidental trauma from child abuse presents unique challenges to the anesthesiologist. Diagnosing abuse is difficult because children may present with nonspecific symptoms and vague clinical histories. Multiple organ systems may be involved, but the greatest risk of death stems from abusive head trauma. Anesthesiologists must know the pediatric traumatic brain injury treatment guidelines and be prepared to treat the complex disease processes of child abuse and abusive head trauma. This chapter discusses anesthesia for nonaccidental pediatric trauma, including abusive head trauma. Topics covered include cervical instability, intracranial hypertension, seizures, and anesthetic agents. Debriefing after a poor outcome is also covered.

Apparent Digestibility in Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri): Influence of Hypoxia

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 2003-2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Pouliot ◽  
J. de la Noüe
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Oxygen Saturation Level ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Isocaloric Diets ◽  
Different Sources

We assessed the influence of hypoxia, which is likely to reduce the productivity of fish culture, on the digestibility of nutrients in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Rainbow trout (seven to each diet) were kept for 8 d in water with an oxygen saturation level of 40.0 ± 4.0%, while control fish were kept in 89.4 ± 4.2% oxygen-saturated water. Three isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets composed of different sources of protein (animal, plant, and mixed) were used. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) were calculated by the indirect method (chromic oxide) after the automatic collection of feces. The experimental hypoxia used did not change the ADC for protein (total nitrogen), gross energy, or dry matter. The amino acids only showed a tendency for better absorption: proline, glycine, alanine, and tryptophan had a significantly higher ADC (P < 0.05) in experimental fish than in control fish when the animal protein based diet was used. Finally, we noted that feed intake was diet dependent. In contrast with what we observed with the commercial (mixed protein sources) and plant protein based diets, the fish receiving the animal protein based diet maintained a normal (or returning to normal) feed intake when they were subjected to hypoxia.

Effects of Intermittent Chloramine-T Exposure on Growth, Serum Biochemistry, and Fin Condition of Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 1728-1736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Powell ◽  
David J. Speare ◽  
Neil MacNair
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Serum Biochemistry ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Chloramine T

Chloramine-T is a commonly used therapeutic agent for the treatment of bacterial gill and skin diseases in the intensive aquaculture of salmonids; however, little is known about its effects on healthy fish. Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed weekly to 5, 10, and 20 mg active chloramine-T ingredient∙L−1 in a 20-tank replicate flow-through facility. Control fish were treated with tank water only. Growth parameters and haematocrits were taken twice weekly and serum biochemistry was measured on termination of the experiment. Absolute growth rates were suppressed but only statistically significantly in fish treated with 20 mg chloramine-T∙L−1 compared with controls. Fish exposed to 10 and 20 mg chloramine-T∙L−1 showed significant predisposition to an erosive dermatitis of the caudal fin which appeared to be caused by opportunistic pathogens of the genus Pseudomonas spp. and Flavobacter spp. Haematocrits decreased in controls and ail treatments. A significant concentration-dependent decrease in plasma sodium and chloride was observed. Plasma glucose levels did not vary and were similar to those reported for unstressed trout. We recommend that care be taken when using chloramine-T prophylactically and that concentrations of less than 10 mg∙L−1 be used.

Cell-mediated Immune Response of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to Larval Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda; Ascaridoidea) following Sensitization to Live Sealworm, Sealworm Extract, and Nonhomologous Extracts

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Ramakrishna ◽  
M. D. B. Burt ◽  
B. M. MacKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Pseudoterranova Decipiens ◽  
Test Fish

The delaved-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction (an in vivo manifestation of cell-mediated immunity) was studied in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to sealworm Pseudoterranova decipiens infections. Test fish immunized with sealworm extract and live intact worms, were compared with control fish which received either phosphate-buffered saline (negative control) or nonhomologous cestode or nematode antigens (positive control). Test fish immunized with sealworm extract produced a typical DTH reaction to live sealworm, challenge. The DTH reaction was similar to that in mammals and showed lymphoid and mononuclear cell infiltration. The electron microscopical studies revealed the presence of activated macrophages and plasma cells in the reaction zone. The specific response, following immunization with homologous antigens, supports the existence of T-cell function with anamnesis in rainbow trout exposed to sealworm antigens. However, when the test fish were immunized with live sealworms and later challenged with live sealworms, the secondary response was poor and showed no difference from controls and naive fish.

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