Essential Fatty Acid Requirements in Tropical and Cold-Water Marine Fish Larvae and Juveniles

To improve survival at early developmental stages (larvae and juveniles) of captive fish species, essential nutrients [i.e., essential fatty acids (EFA)] need to be identified. The physiological needs are likely to be different among species, particularly among those using different thermal habitats, because lipids are largely used to maintain cell membrane integrity (homeoviscous adaptation) in fishes. This review paper will focus on currently published research and the main results from our laboratories regarding optimum qualitative EFA requirements during larval and early juvenile stages in a warm-water marine species, the Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus), and a cold-water marine species, the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). To identify the qualitative optimal EFA requirements, we calculated the ratio of certain fatty acids (FA) in larval or early juvenile tissues to total FA present in the diet. This ratio indicates whether a specific FA from prey is selectively incorporated by larvae and juveniles. Overall, we found that young larvae from both cold- and warm-water species have greater demands for n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) than do larvae at weaning stages. However, the qualitative EFA requirements of the cold-water species at all early developmental stages were higher than those of the warm-water species. Enriched rotifer diets provided satisfactory amounts of omega 3 and omega 6 in Florida pompano, with small selective retention for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and arachidonic acid (ARA), suggesting a potential minor diet deficiency in these EFA. There were higher deficiencies in the cold-water species fed enriched rotifers, as demonstrated by the higher selective retentions of all EFA (DHA, EPA, and ARA), with the exception of larvae fed with copepods. The physiological needs in EFA for juvenile development seemed to be better met for both species when they were fed micro pellets. From the beginning of settlement and in young juveniles, qualitative values of 12% DHA, 10% EPA, 5% ARA, and 40% PUFA of total FA seem to be required for winter flounder juvenile development. In Florida pompano, these requirements could be met until larger juvenile stages, with 15% DHA, 3% EPA, 2% ARA, 2% DPA, and total PUFA below 30% of total FA. This review was done to aid future research aiming to develop nutritionally balanced microdiets or live-prey enrichment diets to satisfy the physiological requirements of captive tropical and cold-water marine fish species.

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Lipidomic study of the influence of dietary fatty acids on structural lipids of cold-water nudibranch molluscs

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-56746-8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andrey B. Imbs ◽

Valeria P. Grigorchuk

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Molecular Species ◽

Cold Water ◽

High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽

Dietary Fatty Acids ◽

Alkyl Groups ◽

Chain Lengths ◽

Trophic Markers ◽

Water Species ◽

Cold Water Species

AbstractNudibranch molluscs occur in marine ecosystems worldwide and prey on numerous invertebrate species. During feeding, dietary fatty acids (FAs) unusual for nudibranchs are transferred to their lipids. Normal biomembrane functions require stable composition of structural polar lipids (PL), but the pathways of dietary FA utilization to PL in nudibranchs still remain unknown. A combination of chromatography and tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to determine total lipid, PL, FA, and PL molecular species composition of two cold-water species of Dendronotus, which then were compared with those of Tritonia tetraquetra. The use of FA trophic markers showed that Dendronotus sp. and T. tetraquetra prey on different soft corals, while D. robustus may consumes hydrocorals and bryozoans. Nudibranch FA profiles were strongly modified by dietary FAs but their PL profilers were similar. Dietary FAs are not included in ceramide aminoethylphosphonate and inositol glycerophospholipids, but directed to ethanolamine, choline, and serine glycerophospholipids and, in some cases, form isobaric molecular species with different FA chain lengths. For such isobaric species, nudibranchs reduce the length of alkyl groups when very-long-chain FAs are obtained with diet. This molecular mechanism may explain the adaptation of nudibranch membrane structure to dietary input of unusual FAs.

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Zebrafish lipid droplets regulate embryonic ATP homeostasis to power early development

Open Biology ◽

10.1098/rsob.170063 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (7) ◽

pp. 170063 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Asmita Dutta ◽

Deepak Kumar Sinha

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Early Development ◽

Lipid Droplets ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Fatty Acyl ◽

Zebrafish Embryos ◽

Early Developmental Stages ◽

Successful Execution ◽

Acyl Coenzyme A ◽

Early Developmental

In zebrafish embryos, the maternally supplied pool of ATP is insufficient to power even the earliest of developmental events (0–3 hpf) such as oocyte-to-embryo transition (OET). The embryos generate an additional pulse (2.5 h long) of ATP (1.25–4 hpf) to achieve the embryonic ATP homeostasis. We demonstrate that the additional pulse of ATP is needed for successful execution of OET. The maternally supplied yolk lipids play a crucial role in maintaining the embryonic ATP homeostasis. In this paper, we identify the source and trafficking routes of free fatty acids (FFAs) that feed the mitochondria for synthesis of ATP. Interestingly, neither the maternally supplied pool of yolk-FFA nor the yolk-FACoA (fatty acyl coenzyme A) is used for ATP homeostasis during 0–5 hpf in zebrafish embryos. With the help of lipidomics, we explore the link between lipid droplet (LD)-mediated lipolysis and ATP homeostasis in zebrafish embryos. Until 5 hpf, the embryonic LDs undergo extensive lipolysis that generates FFAs. We demonstrate that these newly synthesized FFAs from LDs are involved in the maintenance of embryonic ATP homeostasis, rather than the FFAs/FACoA present in the yolk. Thus, the LDs are vital embryonic organelles that maintain the ATP homeostasis during early developmental stages (0–5 hpf) in zebrafish embryos. Our study highlights the important roles carried on by the LDs during the early development of the zebrafish embryos.

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Seasonal cycles of activity and inactivity in some hydroids from Virginia and South Carolina, U.S.A.

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z90-065 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 442-450 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Dale R. Calder

Keyword(s):

South Carolina ◽

Water Temperature ◽

Cold Water ◽

Warm Water ◽

Late Winter ◽

Tissue Water ◽

Warm Water Species ◽

Temperature Regimes ◽

Water Species ◽

Cold Water Species

Hydroids investigated in estuaries of Virginia and South Carolina, USA, were characteristically seasonal in occurrence. Of 20 species studied in Virginia, 14 were active only during warmer months and 6 only during colder months of the year. Seven of the 18 species examined in South Carolina were active all year, whereas 9 were active only in warmer months and 2 only during colder months. Reflecting the differing temperature regimes of the two study areas, warm-water species were active for a longer period of time in South Carolina than in Virginia; cold-water species were active longer in Virginia than in South Carolina. Warm-water species commenced activity in late winter or spring at higher temperatures than those coinciding with hydranth regression in autumn or early winter. Activity in cold-water species began at lower temperatures than those observed at regression in spring. Correlations were apparent in the seasonality, water temperature tolerances, and latitudinal distribution of most species. Field observations and laboratory experiments demonstrated that a number of species survived unfavourable periods as dormant coenosarc in stems and stolons. With the return of favourable conditions, new growth began and hydranths were regenerated from dormant tissue. Water temperature is considered the prime factor influencing the seasonal activity–inactivity cycles of hydroids in the two study areas.

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Comparative marine toxicity testing: A cold-water species and standard warm-water test species exposed to crude oil and dispersant

Cold Regions Science and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.coldregions.2005.02.001 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 226-236 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Robert A. Perkins ◽

Sara Rhoton ◽

Christina Behr-Andres

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Cold Water ◽

Toxicity Testing ◽

Warm Water ◽

Test Species ◽

Water Test ◽

Water Species ◽

Cold Water Species

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Euphausiid invasion/dispersal in gulf stream cold-core rings

Marine and Freshwater Research ◽

10.1071/mf9830625 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 625 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

PH Wiebe ◽

GR Flierl

Keyword(s):

Gulf Stream ◽

Cold Water ◽

Warm Water ◽

Dispersal Patterns ◽

Near Surface ◽

Warm Water Species ◽

Living Species ◽

Varied Response ◽

Cold Core ◽

Water Species

Invasion/dispersal patterns in the distribution and abundance of euphausiid species in four 2-8-month- old cold-core rings from the Gulf Stream suggest that several different physical exchange mechanisms are operating. The most important of these appear to be horizontal mixing in the mixed layer and exchange due to movement into or out of the trapped region at depth. A zone of minimum exchange is evident between 150 and 400 m. Changes in vertical distribution and abundance of warm-water species invading the ring environs suggest that only a few species, such as Stylocheiron carinatum, are able to penetrate and take advantage of the changing ring conditions in young- to middle-aged rings (2-8 months). Other near-surface warm-water species penetrate at slower rates regardless of whether they are vertical migrators (Euphausia brevis, E. hemigibba, E. tenera, Thysanopoda aequalis) or non-migrators (S. suhmii, S. abbreviatum). Deeper-living species such as S. afine, S. elongatum, Nematoscelis microps, and N. tenella, show minimal penetration of core waters in these four rings. Cold-water species expatriated in cold-core rings also show a varied response to ring decay, with some species disappearing rapidly-3-4 months (Thysanopoda longicaudata)-and others persisting for substantial periods-0.5-1 year (N. megalops, E. krohnii). Distribution of the latter two species indicates dispersal out beyond the ring core at the surface in the case of E. krohnii and at depths of 400-1 000 m in the case of N. megalops.

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Fatty Acid Composition in the Lipids of some Marine Chiorococcales and Eustigmatales

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-1989-9-1007 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 44 (9-10) ◽

pp. 743-748 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Karola Menzel ◽

Aloysius Wild

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Higher Plants ◽

Fatty Acid Pattern ◽

Marine Species ◽

Water Species

Abstract The fatty acid composition in the lipids of six coccoid microalgae species (≈ 2 μm in diameter) was investigated. In addition to analyses of ultrastructure and pigment content, lipid composition is shown to be a chemotaxonomic tool in the classification of algae. The four species of Chiorococcales (Chlorophyceae) - the marine species as well as the fresh water species, both kept in artificial seawater - contain a fatty acid composition resembling that of Chlorella spp. and of green leaves of higher plants. The fatty acid pattern is characterized as lacking in C20 acids but containing large amounts of C 16 and C 18 polyunsaturated fatty acids, hexadecatrienic acid (16 :3) and a-linolenic acid (18:3ω3) in particular. In contrast the two species of Eustigmatales (Eustigmatophyceae) investigated here show a deficiency of the C 16 and C 18 polyunsaturated fatty acids but contain large amounts of eicosapentaenic acid (20:5).

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Comparison of fat composition and chemical properties of fat extracts between fish fillets of selected warm-water and cold-water fish

Bioscience Journal ◽

10.14393/bj-v35n6a2019-42782 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Siti Nadzirah Hussin ◽

Azrina Azlan ◽

Hock Eng Khoo ◽

Noor Atiqah Aizan Abdul Kadir ◽

Muhammad Rizal Razman

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Cold Water ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Warm Water ◽

Fatty Acids Composition ◽

Fish Fillets ◽

Water Fish ◽

Fat Composition ◽

And Chemical Properties

The purpose of this study was to determine and compare fat composition and chemical properties of fish fillets of selected warm-water fish obtained from Straits of Malacca. A cold water fish, namely salmon was used for comparison. Moisture content, crude fat, fatty acids composition and chemical characteristics of fish fillets of Yellowstripe scad, Japanese threadfin bream and salmon were determined. Japanese threadfin bream fillet had highest moisture and crude fat contents, followed by fillets of Yellowstripe scad and salmon. A significantly strong and negative correlation was found between moisture and crude fat contents of these fish fillets. Fillets of Japanese threadfin bream and Yellowstripe scad also had higher total saturated fatty acids than total unsaturated fatty acids. Although salmon fillet had lowest percentage of saturated fatty acids, it had highest monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) compared with the two warm-water fish. Palmitic acid and oleic acid were the major fatty acids in the fish fillets. Chemical properties of the oils extracted from the warm-water fish fillets were varied compared to salmon. The selected warm-water fish fillets offer favorable fatty acids composition and chemical properties, which can potentially be used as good sources of PUFA.

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