scholarly journals Immunological Manifestations of Hepatitis E-Associated Acute and Chronic Liver Failure and Its Regulatory Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Wu ◽  
Bai Ling ◽  
Naizhou Guo ◽  
Guanghua Zhai ◽  
Meifen Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Failure ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Failure ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Immunological Mechanism ◽  
Global Population

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common cause of viral hepatitis in developing countries, most commonly transmitted through the fecal-oral route. The virus is mainly of genotypes (GT) 1 and GT2 genotypes, and patients usually show symptoms of acute hepatitis. Due to the rising trend of HEV serological prevalence in global population, HEV has become an important public health problem in developed countries. Severe hepatitis caused by HEV includes acute and chronic liver failure (ACLF). ACLF frequently occurs in developed countries and is caused by overlapping chronic liver diseases of HEV with genotypes GT3 and GT4. Because the onset of hepatitis E is closely associated with immunity, it is critical to understand the immunological mechanism of hepatitis E associated with acute and chronic liver failure (HEV-ACLF). This review discusses the immunological manifestations and mechanisms of HEV-ACLF, intrahepatic immune microenvironment and treatment, and raises outstanding questions about the immunological mechanism and treatment of the disease.

scholarly journals Hepatitis E Induced „Acute-On-Chronic” Liver Failure - Do We Transplant or Not?

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-30
Author(s):  
Petra Dinjar Kujundžić ◽  
Anna Mrzljak ◽  
Ivan-Budimir Bekan ◽  
Ana Ostojić ◽  
Adriana Vince ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Failure ◽  
Chronic Liver Disease ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Failure ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Industrialised Countries

Hepatitis E virus is a pathogen of worldwide significance. In developed countries, foodborne transmission of zoonotic genotypes is the most common route of infection. Transfusion transmitted infection is also an important source of infection, particularly in immunocompromised population. In most cases, HEV infection is asymptomatic or presents as an acute self-limiting hepatitis. Rarely it leads to fulminant hepatitis or „acute-on- chronic” liver failure in people with pre-existing chronic liver diseases. The aim of this report is to present the first documented case of HEV-related „acute-on-chronic” liver failure in Croatia in a patient with chronic liver disease listed for liver transplantation. Due to increasing incidence in industrialised countries, HEV infection should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute hepatitis and in patients with unexplained worsening of chronic liver disease.

scholarly journals Role of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Frias ◽  
Pedro López-López ◽  
Antonio Rivero ◽  
Antonio Rivero-Juarez
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Failure ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Failure ◽  
Hepatic Decompensation ◽  
End Stage ◽  
The Impact

Chronic liver disease (CLD) with a variety of causes is currently reported to be one of the main causes of death worldwide. Patients with CLD experience deteriorating liver function and fibrosis, progressing to cirrhosis, chronic hepatic decompensation (CHD), end-stage liver disease (ESLD), and death. Patients may develop acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), typically related to a precipitating event and associated with increased mortality. The objective of this review was to analyze the role of acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in patients with CLD, focusing on the impact of this infection on patient survival and prognosis in several world regions.

scholarly journals Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure with Complicating Pancreatitis After Autochthonous Hepatitis E Infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Peter ◽  
Andreas Stallmach ◽  
Andrea Tannapfel ◽  
Tony Bruns
Keyword(s):  
Liver Failure ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Failure

scholarly journals The Clinical Perspective on Hepatitis E

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Horvatits ◽  
Julian Schulze zur Wiesch ◽  
Marc Lütgehetmann ◽  
Ansgar W. Lohse ◽  
Sven Pischke
Keyword(s):  
Liver Failure ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Chronic Liver Failure ◽  
Industrialized Nations ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Tropics

Every year, there are an estimated 20 million hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections worldwide, leading to an estimated 3.3 million symptomatic cases of hepatitis E. HEV is largely circulating in the west and is associated with several hepatic and extrahepatic diseases. HEV Genotype 1 and 2 infections are waterborne and causative for epidemics in the tropics, while genotype 3 and 4 infections are zoonotic diseases and are mainly transmitted by ingestion of undercooked pork in industrialized nations. The clinical course of these infections differs: genotype 1 and 2 infection can cause acute illness and can lead to acute liver failure (ALF) or acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) with a high mortality rate of 20% in pregnant women. In contrast, the majority of HEV GT-3 and -4 infections have a clinically asymptomatic course and only rarely lead to acute on chronic liver failure in elderly or patients with underlying liver disease. Immunosuppressed individuals infected with genotype 3 or 4 may develop chronic hepatitis E, which then can lead to life-threatening cirrhosis. Furthermore, several extra-hepatic manifestations affecting various organs have been associated with ongoing or previous HEV infections but the causal link for many of them still needs to be proven. There is no approved specific therapy for the treatment of acute or chronic HEV GT-3 or -4 infections but off-label use of ribavirin has been demonstrated to be safe and effective in the majority of patients. However, in approximately 15% of chronically HEV infected patients, cure is not possible.

scholarly journals Clinical Features of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Ibaraki, Japan: Autochthonous Hepatitis E and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure

2015 ◽  
Vol 235 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Inagaki ◽  
Yukio Oshiro ◽  
Naoyuki Hasegawa ◽  
Kuniaki Fukuda ◽  
Masato Abei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Liver Failure ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Failure

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection in Cirrhotic Egyptian Patients : IgG Seroprevalence and Acute Infection in Acute-on-chronic Liver Failure

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Tash , Rehab M. El Said ◽  
Mohammad , Nana A. ◽  
Abdel-Kareem , Alaa O. ◽  
Ramadan , Raghdaa A. ◽  
Sherbini , Ahmad S.
Keyword(s):  
Liver Failure ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Failure ◽  
Egyptian Patients

Hepatitis E‐induced acute‐on‐chronic liver failure and VI nerve paralysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1696-1697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Jung ◽  
Pol Olivas ◽  
Alba Díaz ◽  
Sabela Lens
Keyword(s):  
Liver Failure ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Failure ◽  
Nerve Paralysis
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