scholarly journals Cucumber Mosaic Virus Infection in Arabidopsis: A Conditional Mutualistic Symbiont?

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Takahashi ◽  
Midori Tabara ◽  
Shuhei Miyashita ◽  
Sugihiro Ando ◽  
Shuichi Kawano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Cytosine Methylation ◽  
Virus Isolate ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Cdna Clones ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Satellite Rna ◽  
2B Protein

A cucumber mosaic virus isolate, named Ho [CMV(Ho)], was isolated from a symptomless Arabidopsis halleri field sample containing low virus titers. An analysis of CMV(Ho) RNA molecules indicated that the virus isolate, besides the usual cucumovirus tripartite RNA genome, additionally contained defective RNA3 molecules and a satellite RNA. To study the underlying mechanism of the persistent CMV(Ho) infection in perennial A. halleri, infectious cDNA clones were generated for all its genetic elements. CMV, which consists of synthetic transcripts from the infectious tripartite RNA genomes, and designated CMV(Ho)tr, multiplied in A. halleri and annual Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 to a similar level as the virulent strain CMV(Y), but did not induce any symptoms in them. The response of Col-0 to a series of reassortant CMVs between CMV(Ho)tr and CMV(Y) suggested that the establishment of an asymptomatic phenotype of CMV(Ho) infection was due to the 2b gene of CMV RNA2, but not due to the presence of the defective RNA3 and satellite RNA. The accumulation of CMV(Ho) 2b protein tagged with the FLAG epitope (2b.Ho-FLAG) in 2b.Ho-FLAG-transformed Col-0 did not induce any symptoms, suggesting a 2b-dependent persistency of CMV(Ho)tr infection in Arabidopsis. The 2b protein interacted with Argonaute 4, which is known to regulate the cytosine methylation levels of host genomic DNA. Whole genomic bisulfite sequencing analysis of CMV(Ho)tr- and mock-inoculated Col-0 revealed that cytosine hypomethylation in the promoter regions of 82 genes, including two genes encoding transcriptional regulators (DOF1.7 and CBP1), was induced in response to CMV(Ho)tr infection. Moreover, the increased levels of hypomethylation in the promoter region of both genes, during CMV(Ho)tr infection, were correlated with the up- or down-regulation of their expression. Taken altogether, the results indicate that during persistent CMV(Ho) infection in Arabidopsis, host gene expression may be epigenetically modulated resulting from a 2b-mediated cytosine hypomethylation of host genomic DNA.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Interactions Between Cucumber mosaic virus and Potato virus Y in Mixed Infections in Tomato

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1514-1524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiziana Mascia ◽  
Fabrizio Cillo ◽  
Vilma Fanelli ◽  
Mariella Matilde Finetti-Sialer ◽  
Angelo De Stradis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Potato Virus ◽  
Mixed Infection ◽  
Potato Virus Y ◽  
Satellite Rna ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
2B Protein

Mixed infection with the SON41 strain of Potato virus Y (PVY-SON41) in tomato increased accumulation of RNAs of strains Fny and LS of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-Fny and CMV-LS, respectively) and enhanced disease symptoms. By contrast, replication of PVY-SON41 was downregulated by CMV-Fny and this was due to the CMV-Fny 2b protein. The CMV-FnyΔ2b mutant was unable to systemically invade the tomato plant because its movement was blocked at the bundle sheath of the phloem. The function needed for invading the phloem was complemented by PVY-SON41 in plants grown at 22°C whereas this complementation was not necessary in plants grown at 15°C. Mutations in the 2b protein coding sequence of CMV-Fny as well as inhibition of translation of the 2a/2b overlapping region of the 2a protein lessened both the accumulation of viral RNAs and the severity of symptoms. Both of these functions were complemented by PVY-SON41. Infection of CMV-Fny supporting replication of the Tfn-satellite RNA reduced the accumulation of CMV RNA and suppressed symptom expression also in plants mixed-infected with PVY-SON41. The interaction between CMV and PVY-SON41 in tomato exhibited different features from that documented in other hosts. The results of this work are relevant from an ecological and epidemiological perspective due to the frequency of natural mixed infection of CMV and PVY in tomato.

Emergence of a new satellite RNA from cucumber mosaic virus isolate P1

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Pérez Alvarez ◽  
Chao-yang Xue ◽  
Xue-ping Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Virus Isolate ◽  
Satellite Rna ◽  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus Isolate

scholarly journals Characterization of a Cucumber Mosaic Virus Isolate and Satellite RNA from the Ornamental Host Ajuga reptans `Royalty'

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Fisher ◽  
S.G.P. Nameth
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Virus Isolate ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Satellite Rna ◽  
Ajuga Reptans ◽  
Black Beauty

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was isolated from the perennial ornamental mint, Ajuga reptans L. `Royalty', using melon aphids (Aphis gossypii Glover). The isolate and its associated satellite RNA (satRNA) were biologically and chemically characterized. The satRNA was cloned and sequenced and is 338 nucleotides long and does not induce lethal necrosis on `Rutgers' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) or severe chlorosis on tobacco (Nicotiana L. spp.). The virus is ≈28 to 30 nm in diameter and reacts to CMV serological subgroup I antibodies. The virus is able to infect `Black Beauty' squash (Cucurbita pepo L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and `Howden' pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) but is not able to infect green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) or cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. unguiculata]. The virus is able to efficiently replicate its satRNA in tobacco and `Black Beauty' squash but replication is less efficient in cucumber, based on accumulation of double-stranded satRNA.

scholarly journals Evolutionary History of Cucumber Mosaic Virus Deduced by Phylogenetic Analyses

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (7) ◽  
pp. 3382-3387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn J. Roossinck
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Virus Isolate ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Nontranslated Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evolutionary Success ◽  
Reading Frames

ABSTRACT Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is an RNA plant virus with a tripartite genome and an extremely broad host range. Previous evolutionary analyses with the coat protein (CP) and 5′ nontranslated region (NTR) of RNA 3 suggested subdivision of the virus into three groups, subgroups IA, IB, and II. In this study 15 strains of CMV whose nucleotide sequences have been determined were used for a complete phylogenetic analysis of the virus. The trees estimated for open reading frames (ORFs) located on the different RNAs were not congruent and did not completely support the subgrouping indicated by the CP ORF, indicating that different RNAs had independent evolutionary histories. This is consistent with a reassortment mechanism playing an important role in the evolution of the virus. The evolutionary trees of the 1a and 3a ORFs were more compact and displayed more branching than did those of the 2a and CP ORFs. This may reflect more rigid host-interactive constraints exerted on the 1a and 3a ORFs. In addition, analysis of the 3′ NTR that is conserved among all RNAs indicated that evolutionary constraints on this region are specific to the RNA component rather than the virus isolate. This indicates that functions other than replication are encoded in the 3′ NTR. Reassortment may have led to the genetic diversity found among CMV strains and contributed to its enormous evolutionary success.

scholarly journals Analysis of Mechanisms Involved in the Cucumber mosaic virus Satellite RNA-mediated Transgenic Resistance in Tomato Plants

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Cillo ◽  
Mariella M. Finetti-Sialer ◽  
Maria A. Papanice ◽  
Donato Gallitelli
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Rna Silencing ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Transgenic Tomato ◽  
Satellite Rna ◽  
Total Recovery ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Free Strain

Transgenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. UC82) plants expressing a benign variant of Cucumber mosaic virus satellite RNA (CMV Tfn-satRNA) were generated. The transformed plants did not produce symptoms when challenged with a satRNA-free strain of CMV (CMV-FL). The same plant lines initially were susceptible to necrosis elicited by a CMV strain supporting a necrogenic variant of satRNA (CMV-77), but a phenotype of total recovery from the necrosis was observed in the newly developing leaves. The features of the observed resistance were analyzed and are consistent with two different mechanisms of resistance. In transgenic plants inoculated with CMV-FL strain, the symptomless phenotype was correlated to the down-regulation of CMV by Tfn-satRNA, amplified from the transgene transcripts, as the first resistance mechanism. On the other hand, the delayed resistance to CMV-77 in transgenic tomato lines was mediated by a degradation process that targets satRNAs in a sequence-specific manner. Evidence is provided for a correlation between a reduced accumulation level of transgenic messenger Tfn-satRNA, the accumulation of small (approximately 23 nucleotides) RNAs with sequence homology to satRNAs, the progressively reduced accumulation of 77-satRNA in infected tissues, and the transition in infected plants from diseased to healthy. Thus, events leading to the degradation of satRNA sequences indicate a role for RNA silencing as the second mechanism determining resistance of transgenic tomato lines.

scholarly journals A new satellite RNA is associated with natural infections of cucumber mosaic virus in succulent snap bean

2011 ◽  
Vol 157 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahideh Nouri ◽  
Bryce W. Falk ◽  
Russell L. Groves
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Satellite Rna ◽  
Snap Bean
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