scholarly journals No Arachnoid Granulations—No Problems: Number, Size, and Distribution of Arachnoid Granulations From Birth to 80 Years of Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Radoš ◽  
Matea Živko ◽  
Ante Periša ◽  
Darko Orešković ◽  
Marijan Klarica
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Superior Sagittal Sinus ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Arachnoid Granulations ◽  
Dural Sinuses ◽  
Sagittal Sinus ◽  
Human Lifespan

Introduction: The study aims to quantify changes in the number, size, and distribution of arachnoid granulations during the human lifespan to elucidate their role in cerebrospinal fluid physiology.Material and Methods: 3T magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was performed in 120 subjects of different ages (neonate, 2 years, 10 years, 20 years, 40 years, 60 years, and 80 years) all with the normal findings of the cerebrospinal fluid system (CSF). At each age, 10 male and 10 female subjects were analyzed. Group scanned at neonatal age was re-scanned at the age of two, while all other groups were scanned once. Arachnoid granulations were analyzed on T2 coronal and axial sections. Each arachnoid granulation was described concerning size and position relative to the superior sagittal, transverse, and sigmoid sinuses and surrounding cranial bones.Results: Our study shows that 85% of neonates and 2-year-old children do not have visible arachnoid granulations in the dural sinuses and cranial bones on magnetic resonance imaging. With age, the percentage of patients with arachnoid granulations in the superior sagittal sinus increases significantly, but there is no increase in the sigmoid and transverse sinuses. However, numerous individuals in different age groups do not have arachnoid granulations in dural sinuses. Arachnoid granulations in the cranial bones are found only around the superior sagittal sinus, for the first time at the age of 10, and over time their number increases significantly. From the age of 60 onwards, arachnoid granulations were more numerous in the cranial bones than in the dural sinuses.Conclusion: The results show that the number, size, and distribution of arachnoid granulations in the superior sagittal sinus and surrounding cranial bones change significantly over a lifetime. However, numerous individuals with a completely normal CSF system do not have arachnoid granulations in the dural sinuses, which calls into question their role in CSF physiology. It can be assumed that arachnoid granulations do not play an essential role in CSF absorption as it is generally accepted. Therefore, the lack of arachnoid granulations does not appear to cause problems in intracranial fluid homeostasis.

scholarly journals Cerebrospinal fluid spaces between intracranial venous sinuses and overlying dura mater: magnetic resonance imaging

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Tsutsumi ◽  
Hideo Ono ◽  
Yukimasa Yasumoto
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Superior Sagittal Sinus ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Constructive Interference ◽  
State Sequence ◽  
Venous Sinuses ◽  
Sagittal Sinus

Purpose The intracranial venous sinuses are thought to lie interdurally, circumferentially contacting the dura maters. There has been no report documenting the cerebrospinal fluid spaces intervening between the venous sinuses and overlying dura mater. Here, we explored such structures using magnetic resonance imaging. Methods A total of 206 patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging with a T2-weighted or constructive interference steady-state sequence. Imaging data were analysed on a workstation. Results The peri-superior sagittal sinus cerebrospinal fluid spaces were identified in 100% of 133 patients who underwent coronal and sagittal T2-weighted imaging and in 98.6% of 73 with a constructive interference steady-state sequence. Among the 205 patients, the cerebrospinal fluid spaces were distributed over the frontoparietal region in 84% and the parietal region in 16%. On sagittal sections performed for 58 patients, the cerebrospinal fluid spaces were identified between the superior sagittal sinus and overlying dura mater. The peri-sinus spaces were found in 91% of the identified transverse sinuses, 29% of the straight and 70% of the occipital sinuses. The peri-superior sagittal sinus cerebrospinal fluid spaces were classified into five distinct appearances. The circumferential type was the most predominant and was found in 68.7%, followed by lateral in 10.2%, lateral plus inferior in 7.5%, lateral plus superior in 6.8% and superior in 6.8%. Conclusions The intracranial venous sinuses do not circumferentially contact with the dura maters. Instead, they are adjacent to the cerebrospinal fluid spaces intervening between the walls and overlying dura maters. These spaces are critical when considering tumour extensions contralateral to the superior sagittal sinus and safe surgical manoeuvres around it.

scholarly journals Assessment of Cerebrospinal Fluid Hydrodynamics Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Postcraniospinal Surgery Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Arora ◽  
Kanica Rawat ◽  
Rajiv Azad ◽  
Kehkashan Chouhan
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Flow Dynamics ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Csf Flow ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Abstract Objective Aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of craniospinal interventions on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow hydrodynamics and study the correlation of postoperative changes in flow alteration with clinical outcome. Materials and Methods Fifty patients who underwent various craniospinal procedures were studied using conventional and phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PCMRI) protocol. CSF flow quantification was performed at cerebral aqueduct, foramen magnum, C2–3, and D12–L1 vertebral levels with site showing maximal alteration of CSF flow dynamics considered as the region of interest. Velocity encoding was kept at 20 cm/s. Patients with pathology atcraniovertebral junction were considered separately (group I) from others (group II) due to different flow dynamics. Follow-up scans were performed after an interval of 1 month for temporal evaluation of changes in CSF flow dynamics. Results Patients in both groups showed a significant change in peak CSF velocity postoperatively (mean change of 1.34 cm/s in group I and 0.28 cm/s in group II) with bidirectional improvement in flow on cine-phase-contrast qualitative images. Regional pain (82%) and headache (46%) were seen in most of the patients preoperatively. Postoperatively clinical symptoms improved in 59.5%, static in 26.2%, and worsened in 14.3%. In both the groups, an improvement in clinical symptomatology had significant correlation with mean changes in peak CSF velocity postoperatively (p = 0.04 in both groups). Conclusion PCMRI can effectively evaluate changes in CSF flow noninvasively both pre- and postoperatively. This may have potential role in determining clinical outcome and prognosis of patients undergoing procedures in craniospinal axis.

scholarly journals Application of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier integrity

2021 ◽  
Vol 127 ◽  
pp. 171-183
Author(s):  
Inge C.M. Verheggen ◽  
Whitney M. Freeze ◽  
Joost J.A. de Jong ◽  
Jacobus F.A. Jansen ◽  
Alida A. Postma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Barrier Integrity ◽  
Contrast Enhanced
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