scholarly journals A New Insight on the Role of the Cerebellum for Executive Functions and Emotion Processing in Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Aurélien Beuriat ◽  
Shira Cohen-Zimerman ◽  
Gretchen N. L. Smith ◽  
Frank Krueger ◽  
Barry Gordon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Facial Expression Of Emotion ◽  
Cortex Lesion ◽  
Expression Of Emotion ◽  
Supportive Role ◽  
Cerebellar Lesions

Objective: We investigated whether the cerebellum plays a critical or supportive role in in executive and emotion processes in adults. Many investigators now espouse the hypothesis that participants with cerebellar lesions experience executive functions and emotions (EE) disorders. But we hypothesized that these disorders would be milder if the damage is relatively limited to the cerebellum compared to damage involving the cerebellum plus additional cortical areas.Methods: We studied veterans with penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury (pTBI) participating in the Vietnam Head Injury Study (VHIS). We selected veterans with a cerebellar lesion (n = 24), a prefrontal cortex lesion (n = 20), along with healthy controls (HC) (n = 55). Tests of executive functions and emotions were analyzed as well as caregiver burden. We performed between-group null hypothesis significance testing, Bayesian hypothesis tests and correlational analyses.Results: Performance of participants with cerebellar lesions which extended to the cerebral cortex was similar to the HC on the Executive Function tests but they were significantly impaired on the Working Memory Index. No differences were found on the emotional processing tasks with one exception—the Facial Expression of Emotion-Test (FEEST). We then examined a sub-group of participants with large cerebellar lesions (>15%) but minimal lesions in the cerebral cortex (<15%). This sub-group of participants performed similarly to the HC on the Working Memory Index and on the FEEST.Conclusions: We suggest that the cerebellar cortex may not be critical for executive functions or processing emotional stimuli in adults as suggested. Instead, we find that the cerebellum has a supportive role characterized by its computing of the motor requirements when EE processing is required.

scholarly journals The future of SIMS: Who embodies which smile and when?

2010 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 464-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula M. Niedenthal ◽  
Martial Mermillod ◽  
Marcus Maringer ◽  
Ursula Hess
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Top Down ◽  
The Core ◽  
Facial Expression Of Emotion ◽  
Expression Of Emotion ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Future

AbstractThe set of 30 stimulating commentaries on our target article helps to define the areas of our initial position that should be reiterated or else made clearer and, more importantly, the ways in which moderators of and extensions to the SIMS can be imagined. In our response, we divide the areas of discussion into (1) a clarification of our meaning of “functional,” (2) a consideration of our proposed categories of smiles, (3) a reminder about the role of top-down processes in the interpretation of smile meaning in SIMS, (4) an evaluation of the role of eye contact in the interpretation of facial expression of emotion, and (5) an assessment of the possible moderators of the core SIMS model. We end with an appreciation of the proposed extensions to the model, and note that the future of research on the problem of the smile appears to us to be assured.

scholarly journals Reviewing the Role of Cognitive Load, Expertise Level, Motivation, and Unconscious Processing in Working Memory Performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seffetullah Kuldas ◽  
Shahabuddin Hashim ◽  
Hairul Nizam Ismail ◽  
Zainudin Abu Bakar
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Cognitive Learning ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Unconscious Processing ◽  
Expertise Level

<p class="p1">Human cognitive capacity is unavailable for conscious processing of every amount of instructional messages. Aligning an instructional design with learner expertise level would allow better use of available working memory capacity in a cognitive learning task. Motivating students to learn consciously is also an essential determinant of the capacity usage. However, motivational factors are often subject to unconscious rather than conscious emotional processing. This review sets out the need for further studies to elucidate the role of motivation and unconscious processing in the use of cognitive capacity<span class="s1">. </span></p>

Show and Tell: The Role of Language in Categorizing Facial Expression of Emotion

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debi Roberson ◽  
Ljubica Damjanovic ◽  
Mariko Kikutani
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expression Of Emotion ◽  
Expression Of Emotion

scholarly journals The role of FL aptitude and the executive functions of working memory and inhibition in FL vocabulary acquisition by young greek learners of english

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Καλλιόπη Ευσταθιάδη
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Vocabulary Acquisition ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Recall Task

Η έρευνα διεξήχθη σε δύο δημοτικά σχολεία της Θεσσαλονίκης, από το 2010-12. Το σχολείο ελέγχου διδάσκει την Αγγλική ως Ξένη Γλώσσα (ΑΞΓ) από την 3η δημοτικού, ενώ το πειραματικό σχολείο από την 1η τάξη.Στην προσπάθεια να εξηγήσει τις διαφορές που παρατηρούνται μεταξύ των μαθητών στην απόκτηση του ξένου λεξιλογίου, η έρευνα εξετάζει το κατά πόσον η πρώιμη έκθεση στην ΑΞΓ επηρεάζει θετικά τη γνωστική λειτουργία των μικρών Ελλήνων μαθητών. Οι κύριες γνωστικές μεταβλητές που εξετάστηκαν είναι η Γλωσσική Έφεση σε μικρούς μαθητές (Alexiou, 2005), η Φωνολογική Βραχυπρόθεσμη Μνήμη και ο Κεντρικός Εκτελεστικός Μηχανισμός της Εργαζόμενης Μνήμης (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974). Κάτι τέτοιο δεν έχει επιχειρηθεί ξανά, καθώς, μέχρι σήμερα, έχουν διερευνηθεί, κατά κύριο ρόλο, η επίδραση της Πρώιμης Εκμάθησης της ΞΓ στη γλωσσική και συναισθηματική ανάπτυξη των παιδιών (García Lecumberri & Gallardo 2003; Mihaljevic Djigunovic & Krevelj 2009; Mihaljevic Djigunovic & Lopriore 2010; Muñoz 2006, 2010; Nikolov 2009). Η κύρια ερευνητική υπόθεση είναι πως η πρώιμη και εντατική έκθεση των μικρών Ελλήνων μαθητών στην ΑΞΓ θα έχει θετική επίδραση στις νοητικές τους ικανότητες.Οι μη λεκτικές ικανότητες των μαθητών εξετάσθηκαν από το Τεστ Γλωσσικής Έφεσης για μικρούς μαθητές (YLAT) (Alexiou, 2005) και από το Stop-signal τεστ (Logan & Cowan, 1984). Τα λεκτικά τεστ εξέτασαν τη Φωνολογική Βραχυπρόθεσμη Μνήμη τους με την Επανάληψη Αριθμών προς τα εμπρός (Wechsler, 1991), την Επανάληψη Ψευδολέξεων για παιδιά (Gathercole & Baddeley, 1996), και την Επανάληψη Ψευδολέξεων για παιδιά που μιλούν την ελληνική (Maridaki-Kassotaki, 1998). Η λεκτική τους ευφυία στη μητρική γλώσσα εξετάστηκε με επιμέρους τεστ που σχετίζονται με το λεξιλόγιο και τη μεταγλωσσική γνώση των δύο μοντέλων του Διαγνωστικού Τεστ Λεκτικής Ευφυίας (DVIQ I & II) (Stavrakaki & Tsimpli, 2000). Ο Κεντρικός Εκτελεστικός Μηχανισμός της Εργαζόμενης Μνήμης διερευνήθηκε με την Επανάληψη Αριθμών προς τα πίσω (Wechsler, 1991) και με το Listening span and Recall task (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980). Τέλος, ένα τεστ λεξιλογίου στην Αγγλική σχεδιάστηκε από την ερευνήτρια, το οποίο εξέτασε τις ικανότητες κατανόησης και παραγωγής της πειραματικής ομάδας.Η παρούσα μελέτη επιθυμεί να απαντήσει σε τέσσερα ερευνητικά ερωτήματα. Το πρώτο, εξετάζει κατά πόσο η πρώιμη διδασκαλία της ΑΞΓ μπορεί να ενισχύσει κάποιες από τις νοητικές ικανότητες των μικρών μαθητών. Το δεύτερο ερώτημα διερευνά αν σ’ αυτό το αρχικό στάδιο εκμάθησης της ΞΓ, η Φωνολογική Βραχυπρόθεσμη Μνήμη είναι ο μοναδικός παράγοντας πρόβλεψης της επίδοσης των μικρών μαθητών στο ξένο λεξιλόγιο. Το τρίτο ερώτημα ελέγχει αν η πειραματική ομάδα, μετά τη διετή και εντατική έκθεση στην ΞΓ, θα ασκήσει καλύτερο έλεγχο από την ομάδα ελέγχου στον ανασταλτικό μηχανισμό. Τέλος, το τελευταίο ερώτημα επιχειρεί να αναδείξει αν μπορεί η Πρώιμη Εκμάθηση μίας ΞΓ να συσχετισθεί διαφορετικά μέ κάποιο από τα τα δύο φύλα.Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας είναι ενθαρρυντικά και πολλά υποσχόμενα. Υπάρχουν ισχυρές ενδείξεις πώς η Πρώιμη Εκμάθηση στη ΞΓ ενισχύει και ενδυναμώνει τις νοητικές ικανότητες των μικρών μαθητών και τη Λεκτική Εργαζόμενη Μνήμη τους. Κάτι τέτοιο, μπορεί να έχει ένα γενικότερο θετικό αντίκτυπο στις γλωσσικές τους ικανότητες, είτε αυτές αφορούν τη μητρική γλώσσα είτε την ξένη.

Embodied Simulation in Decoding Facial Expression

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula M. Niedenthal ◽  
Adrienne Wood ◽  
Magdalena Rychlowska ◽  
Sebastian Korb
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
General Effect ◽  
Embodied Simulation ◽  
Facial Mimicry ◽  
Facial Expression Of Emotion ◽  
Expression Of Emotion ◽  
Facial Expressions Of Emotion ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
Decoding Accuracy

The present chapter explores evidence for the role of embodied simulation and facial mimicry in the decoding of facial expression of emotion. We begin the chapter by reviewing evidence in favor of the hypothesis that mimicking a perceived facial expression helps the perceiver achieve greater decoding accuracy. We report experimental and correlational evidence in favor of the general effect, and we also examine the assertion that facial mimicry influences perceptual processing of facial expression. Finally, after examining the behavioral evidence, we look into the brain to explore the neural circuitry and chemistry involved in embodied simulation of facial expressions of emotion.

scholarly journals Reading in developmental dyslexia: the role of phonemic awareness and executive functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Beatriz Kalva MEDINA ◽  
Sandra Regina Kirchner GUIMARÃES
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Phonemic Awareness ◽  
Developmental Dyslexia ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Reading Difficulties ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Spearman Test

Abstract This study investigated the correlations and the possible deficits in reading, phonemic awareness, and executive functions among students with developmental dyslexia. A total of 28 students participated in the study, between 9 and 11 years old, 14 with developmental dyslexia and 14 without reading difficulties. Specific instruments were used to assess reading, phonemic awareness, and executive functions. The Spearman test indicated moderate and very significant correlations between performance in tasks of phonemic awareness and reading (recognition and comprehension) and tasks that assessed cognitive functioning involving the following executive functions: cognitive flexibility, working memory, inhibitory control, and orthographic verbal fluency. No correlation was found between the reading and phonemic awareness assessments and the results of the planning done with the Tower of London instrument. The results allowed the researchers to hypothesize that an intervention planned for the development of phonemic awareness and executive functions may have an effect in improving the reading performance of dyslexics.

The Role of the Executive Functions of Working Memory in Metaphor Comprehension

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan L. Chiappe ◽  
Julia Chanes ◽  
Erika Ochoa ◽  
Kelly McCulloch ◽  
Jennifer Koontz
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Metaphor Comprehension

Relating mindfulness and executive function in children

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena M C Geronimi ◽  
Brenda Arellano ◽  
Janet Woodruff-Borden
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Executive

Despite the important role of cognitions in mindful awareness, research on the cognitive processes underlying mindfulness in young populations is scarce. This study explores the association between the core executive functions (i.e. inhibition, working memory, and shifting) and mindfulness within the same model in a sample of children. Seventy-two parent–child dyads participated in the study. Difficulties with executive functioning and child mindfulness level were assessed. Inhibition, working memory, and shifting were significantly correlated with mindfulness. Furthermore, moderate to good fit was found in a model testing the association between mindfulness and the latent executive function variable composed by the three executive functions, and individual executive functions demonstrated significant loadings in relation to the latent variable. In a model relating mindfulness to each individual executive function, mindfulness was uniquely associated with inhibition, working memory, and shifting. The application of current theoretical models of mindfulness to child populations and clinical implications are discussed.

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