Not Just a Pot: Visual Episodic Memory in Cannabis Users and Polydrug Cannabis Users: ROC and ERP Preliminary Investigation

Background While research has consistently identified an association between long-term cannabis use and memory impairments, few studies have examined this relationship in a polydrug context (i.e., when combining cannabis with other substances).Aims: In this preliminary study, we used event-related potentials to examine the recognition process in a visual episodic memory task in cannabis users (CU) and cannabis polydrug users (PU). We hypothesized that CU and PU will have both–behavioral and psychophysiological–indicators of memory processes affected, compared to matched non-using controls with the PU expressing more severe changes.Methods 29 non-using controls (CG), 24 CU and 27 PU were enrolled into the study. All participants completed a visual learning recognition task while brain electrical activity was recorded. Event-related potentials were calculated for familiar (old) and new images from a signal recorded during a subsequent recognition test. We used receiver operating characteristic curves for behavioral data analysis.Results The groups did not differ in memory performance based on receiver operating characteristic method in accuracy and discriminability indicators nor mean reaction times for old/new images. The frontal old/new effect expected from prior research was observed for all participants, while a parietal old/new effect was not observed. While, the significant differences in the late parietal component (LPC) amplitude was observed between CG and PU but not between CG and CU nor CU and PU. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the mean amplitude of the LPC component as a predictor of memory performance accuracy indicator. LPC amplitude predicts recognition accuracy only in the CG.Conclusion The results showed alterations in recognition memory processing in CU and PU groups compared to CG, which were not manifested on the behavioral level, and were the most prominent in cannabis polydrug users. We interpret it as a manifestation of the cumulative effect of multiple drug usage in the PU group.

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An Event Related Potentials Study of Semantic Coherence Effect during Episodic Encoding in Schizophrenia Patients

Schizophrenia Research and Treatment ◽

10.1155/2018/8501973 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lâle Battal Merlet ◽

Alain Blanchet ◽

Hazlin Lockman ◽

Milena Kostova

Keyword(s):

Episodic Memory ◽

Cognitive Rehabilitation ◽

Electrophysiological Study ◽

Memory Performance ◽

Memory Task ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Control Group ◽

Semantic Coherence ◽

Related Potentials ◽

Coherence Effect

The objective of this electrophysiological study was to investigate the processing of semantic coherence during encoding in relation to episodic memory processes promoted at test, in schizophrenia patients, by using the N400 paradigm. Eighteen schizophrenia patients and 15 healthy participants undertook a recognition memory task. The stimuli consisted of pairs of words either semantically related or unrelated to a given category name (context). During encoding, both groups exhibited an N400 external semantic coherence effect. Healthy controls also showed an N400 internal semantic coherence effect, but this effect was not present in patients. At test, related stimuli were accompanied by an FN400 old/new effect in both groups and by a parietal old/new effect in the control group alone. In the patient group, external semantic coherence effect was associated with FN400, while, in the control group, it was correlated to the parietal old/new effect. Our results indicate that schizophrenia patients can process the contextual information at encoding to enhance familiarity process for related stimuli at test. Therefore, cognitive rehabilitation therapies targeting the implementation of semantic encoding strategies can mobilize familiarity which in turn can overcome the recollection deficit, promoting successful episodic memory performance in schizophrenia patients.

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Association of Serum Fatty Acids at Admission with the Age of Onset of Acute Ischemic Stroke

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12082411 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 2411 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Takahisa Mori ◽

Kazuhiro Yoshioka ◽

Yuhei Tanno ◽

Shigen Kasakura

Keyword(s):

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Acute Ischemic Stroke ◽

Receiver Operating Characteristic ◽

Operating Characteristic ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Characteristic Curves ◽

Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves ◽

Receiver Operating

Dietary triglycerides influence fatty acid (FA) serum concentrations and weight percentages (wt %), which may be associated with the age of onset of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We investigated the correlations between serum FA levels and proportions at admission and the age of onset of AIS. We evaluated patients with AIS admitted between 2016 and 2019 within 24 h of AIS onset and calculated the correlation coefficients between their ages, serum FA concentrations, and FA wt % values. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify independent FAs indicating AIS age of onset. Furthermore, we estimated the threshold values of independent FAs for age of onset <60 years using receiver operating characteristic curves by logistic regression. A total of 525 patients (median age: 75 years) met the inclusion criteria. The concentration of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) and wt % of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were significant independent variables for age of onset of AIS, and receiver operating characteristic curves for age of onset <60 years showed thresholds of ≥117.7 µmol/L for DGLA and ≤3.7% for DHA. An increased DGLA concentration and decreased DHA wt % were significantly associated with onset of AIS at a younger age.

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Material-specific Neural Correlates of Recollection: Objects, Words, and Faces

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn.2010.21442 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 1405-1418 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Giulia Galli ◽

Leun J. Otten

Keyword(s):

Brain Activity ◽

Memory Performance ◽

Memory Task ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Neural Correlates ◽

Stimulus Material ◽

Level Control ◽

Electrical Brain Activity ◽

Crucial Difference ◽

Related Potentials

It is unclear how neural correlates of episodic memory retrieval differ depending on the type of material that is retrieved. Here, we used a source memory task to compare electrical brain activity for the recollection of three types of stimulus material. At study, healthy adults judged how well visually presented objects, words, and faces fitted with paired auditorily presented names of locations. At test, only visual stimuli were presented. The task was to decide whether an item had been presented earlier and, if so, what location had been paired with the item. Stimulus types were intermixed across trials in Experiment 1 and presented in separate study–test lists in Experiment 2. A graded pattern of memory performance was observed across objects, words, and faces in both experiments. Between 300 and 500 msec, event-related potentials for recollected objects and faces showed a more frontal scalp distribution compared to words in both experiments. Later in the recording epoch, all three stimulus materials elicited recollection effects over left posterior scalp sites. However, these effects extended more anteriorly for objects and faces when stimulus categories were blocked. These findings demonstrate that the neural correlates of recollection are material specific, the crucial difference being between pictorial and verbal material. Faces do not appear to have a special status. The sensitivity of recollection effects to the kind of experimental design suggests that, in addition to type of stimulus material, higher-level control processes affect the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying episodic retrieval.

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Mind Wandering and Retrieval from Episodic Memory: A Pilot Event-Related Potential Study

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.102.3.805-818 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 102 (3) ◽

pp. 805-818 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Leigh Martin Riby ◽

Jonathan Smallwood ◽

Valerie P. Gunn

Keyword(s):

Episodic Memory ◽

Memory Task ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Mind Wandering ◽

Event Related Potential ◽

Task Completion ◽

Low Frequencies ◽

Line Drawings ◽

Strategic Processes ◽

Related Potentials

The present study investigated the effects of mind wandering (task-unrelated thought) on the subcomponents of episodic memory as reflected by event-related potentials (ERPs). Specifically, individual differences in the pattern of ERP episodic ‘old/new’ effects (left-parietal, right-frontal and central-negativity effects) were examined across groups of participants experiencing either high or low frequencies of task-unrelated thought during encoding. Twenty participants studied lists of words and line drawings in one of two contexts (red versus green coloured boxes). At test, participants discriminated between target (old words or line drawings presented in one colour) and nontargets (old items from the other colour and new items). On completion of the memory task, participants completed the ‘thinking’ component of the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire to provide a retrospective measure of task-unrelated thought. Behavioural data indicated that irrespective of the presence of task-unrelated thought, participants were able to complete the memory task equally well. However, an analysis of ERPs across High and Low task-unrelated thought groups revealed differences in retrieval strategy. Those individuals with infrequent episodes of task-unrelated thought at study used a ‘pure’ recollection strategy (left-parietal effect only). Conversely, those participants experiencing frequent episodes of task-unrelated thought were unable to recollect the stimuli with ease, as indexed by a diminished parietal effect. As a consequence, these participants employed additional strategic processes for task completion, as indexed by an elevated amplitude of central negativity effects. These data are consistent with the decoupling hypothesis of mind wandering which suggests impaired recollection when attention becomes directed away from the task.

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Neurophysiological Correlates of the Dunning-Kruger Effect

10.1101/2019.12.26.888511 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Alana Muller ◽

Lindsey A. Sirianni ◽

Richard J. Addante

Keyword(s):

Episodic Memory ◽

Cognitive Processes ◽

Response Times ◽

Memory Task ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Metacognitive Judgments ◽

Related Potentials ◽

Novel Method ◽

Better Than

Abstract.The Dunning-Kruger Effect (DKE) is a metacognitive phenomenon of illusory superiority in which individuals who perform poorly on a task believe they performed better than others, yet individuals who performed very well believe they under-performed compared to others. This phenomenon has yet to be directly explored in episodic memory, nor explored for reaction times or physiological correlates. We designed a novel method to elicit the DKE via a test of item recognition while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. Throughout the task, participants were asked to estimate the percentile in which they performed compared to others. Results revealed participants in the bottom 25th percentile overestimated their percentile, while participants in the top 75th percentile underestimated their percentile, exhibiting the classic DKE. Reaction time measures revealed a condition x group interaction whereby over-estimators responded faster than under-estimators when estimating being in the top percentile and responded slower when estimating being in the bottom percentile.Between-group EEG differences were evident between over-estimators and under-estimators during Dunning-Kruger responses, which revealed FN400-like effects of familiarity supporting differences for over-estimators from 400-600 ms, whereas ‘old-new’ memory ERP effects revealed a late parietal component (LPC) associated with recollection-based processing from 600-900 ms for under-estimators that was not evident for over-estimators. Findings suggest over- and under-estimators use differing cognitive processes when assessing their performance, such that under-estimators rely on recollection during memory and over-estimators draw upon excess familiarity when over-estimating their performance. Episodic memory thus appears to play a contributory role in metacognitive judgments of illusory superiority and inferiority.Graphical AbstractEvent-related potentials (ERPS) were recorded for the Dunning-Kruger Effect as subjects made metacognitive judgments about performance on a memory task. Over- and Under-estimators exhibited a crossover interaction in response times when believing they did best and worst, respectively. A crossover pattern was also observed for ERPs: LPC signals of recollection were found for under-estimators, whereas familiarity-based FN400 effects were evident for over-estimators and correlated with estimates.

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Event-related potentials of verbal encoding into episodic memory: Dissociation between the effects of subsequent memory performance and distinctiveness

Psychophysiology ◽

10.1111/1469-8986.3560709 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 709-720 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Guillen Fernandez ◽

Helga Weyerts ◽

Indira Tendolkar ◽

Henderikus G.O.M. Smid ◽

Michael Scholz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Episodic Memory ◽

Memory Performance ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Related Potentials

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Age-by-Emotion Interactions in Memory Retrieval Processes: An Event-Related Potential Study

The Journals of Gerontology Series B ◽

10.1093/geronb/gbx098 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 74 (7) ◽

pp. 1101-1110 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jaclyn H Ford ◽

Elizabeth A Kensinger

Keyword(s):

Time Window ◽

Memory Performance ◽

Memory Task ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Event Related Potential ◽

Age Related ◽

Retrieval Processes ◽

Related Potentials ◽

Component Processes ◽

Effect Of Age

Abstract Objectives Although research has identified age-by-emotion interactions in memory performance and in neural recruitment during retrieval, it remains unclear which retrieval processes are affected. The temporal resolution of event-related potentials (ERPs) provides a way to examine different component processes that operate during retrieval. Methods In the present study, younger and older adults encoded neutral and emotional images paired with neutral titles. ERPs were assessed during a recognition memory task in which participants viewed neutral titles and indicated whether each had been presented during encoding. Results An age-related posterior-to-anterior shift began in a time window typically associated with recollection-related processes (500–800 ms) while an age-by-emotion interaction occurred only during a later measurement window (800–1,200 ms). Discussion These findings suggest an effect of age on mechanisms supporting retrieval of episodic content, prior to post-retrieval processing. The potential relations to different types of detail retrieval are discussed. Further, the later age-by-emotion interactions suggest that age influences the effect of emotion on post-retrieval processes, specifically.

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Übereinstimmung von klinischer Diagnose, strukturierten Interviews und Selbstbeurteilungsfragebögen bei Depression im Kindes- und Jugendalter

Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie ◽

10.1024/1422-4917/a000200 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 405-414 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Kathrin Dolle ◽

Gerd Schulte-Körne ◽

Nikolaus von Hofacker ◽

Yonca Izat ◽

Antje-Kathrin Allgaier

Keyword(s):

Receiver Operating Characteristic ◽

Operating Characteristic ◽

Kinder Und Jugendliche ◽

Prädiktive Werte ◽

Receiver Operating

Fragestellung: Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Übereinstimmung von strukturierten Kind- und Elterninterviews sowie dem klinischen Urteil bei der Diagnostik depressiver Episoden im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Zudem prüft sie, ob sich die Treffsicherheit und die optimalen Cut-off-Werte von Selbstbeurteilungsfragebögen in Referenz zu diesen verschiedenen Beurteilerperspektiven unterscheiden. Methodik: Mit 81 Kindern (9–12 Jahre) und 88 Jugendlichen (13–16 Jahre), die sich in kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Kliniken oder Praxen vorstellten, und ihren Eltern wurden strukturierte Kinder-DIPS-Interviews durchgeführt. Die Kinder füllten das Depressions-Inventar für Kinder und Jugendliche (DIKJ) aus, die Jugendlichen die Allgemeine Depressions-Skala in der Kurzform (ADS-K). Übereinstimmungen wurden mittels Kappa-Koeffizienten ermittelt. Optimale Cut-off-Werte, Sensitivität, Spezifität sowie positive und negative prädiktive Werte wurden anhand von Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) Kurven bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Die Interviews stimmten untereinander sowie mit dem klinischen Urteil niedrig bis mäßig überein. Depressive Episoden wurden häufiger nach klinischem Urteil als in den Interviews festgestellt. Cut-off-Werte und Validitätsmaße der Selbstbeurteilungsfragebögen variierten je nach Referenzstandard mit den schlechtesten Ergebnissen für das klinische Urteil. Schlussfolgerungen: Klinische Beurteiler könnten durch den Einsatz von strukturierten Interviews profitieren. Strategien für den Umgang mit diskrepanten Kind- und Elternangaben sollten empirisch geprüft und detailliert beschrieben werden.

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