scholarly journals Modeling Semantic Encoding in a Common Neural Representational Space

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cara E. Van Uden ◽  
Samuel A. Nastase ◽  
Andrew C. Connolly ◽  
Ma Feilong ◽  
Isabella Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Representational Space ◽  
Semantic Encoding

scholarly journals Modeling semantic encoding in a common neural representational space

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cara E. Van Uden ◽  
Samuel A. Nastase ◽  
Andrew C. Connolly ◽  
Ma Feilong ◽  
Isabella Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model Performance ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Representational Space ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Out Of Sample ◽  
Semantic Encoding ◽  
Anatomical Space ◽  
Out Of Sample Prediction ◽  
Spatial Specificity

Encoding models for mapping voxelwise semantic tuning are typically estimated separately for each individual, limiting their generalizability. In the current report, we develop a method for estimating semantic encoding models that generalize across individuals. Functional MRI was used to measure brain responses while participants freely viewed a naturalistic audiovisual movie. Word embeddings capturing agent-, action-, object-, and scene-related semantic content were assigned to each imaging volume based on an annotation of the film. We constructed both conventional within-subject semantic encoding models and between-subject models where the model was trained on a subset of participants and validated on a left-out participant. Between-subject models were trained using cortical surface-based anatomical normalization or surface-based whole-cortex hyperalignment. We used hyperalignment to project group data into an individual's unique anatomical space via a common representational space, thus leveraging a larger volume of data for out-of-sample prediction while preserving the individual's fine-grained functional–anatomical idiosyncrasies. Our findings demonstrate that anatomical normalization degrades the spatial specificity of between-subject encoding models relative to within-subject models. Hyperalignment, on the other hand, recovers the spatial specificity of semantic tuning lost during anatomical normalization, and yields model performance exceeding that of within-subject models.

Individual Differences in the Flexibility of Peripersonal Space

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel B. Hunley ◽  
Arwen M. Marker ◽  
Stella F. Lourenco
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Peripersonal Space ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laser Pointer ◽  
Baseline Measure ◽  
Bisection Task ◽  
Defensive Function ◽  
Representational Space ◽  
Laser Condition ◽  
Line Bisection Task

Abstract. The current study investigated individual differences in the flexibility of peripersonal space (i.e., representational space near the body), specifically in relation to trait claustrophobic fear (i.e., fear of suffocating or being physically restricted). Participants completed a line bisection task with either a laser pointer (Laser condition), allowing for a baseline measure of the size of one’s peripersonal space, or a stick (Stick condition), which produces expansion of one’s peripersonal space. Our results revealed that individuals high in claustrophobic fear had larger peripersonal spaces than those lower in claustrophobic fear, replicating previous research. We also found that, whereas individuals low in claustrophobic fear demonstrated the expected expansion of peripersonal space in the Stick condition, individuals high in claustrophobic fear showed less expansion, suggesting decreased flexibility. We discuss these findings in relation to the defensive function of peripersonal space and reduced attentional flexibility associated with trait anxieties.

Tolerance: Circles of Inclusion and Exclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasse Thomassen
Keyword(s):  
Representational Space ◽  
Legal Case ◽  
Religious Clothing ◽  
The Guardian ◽  
State Schools ◽  
The Way

This chapter on the concept and practice of tolerance makes use of the legal case Begum together with three other cases from the same period: X v Y, Playfoot and Watkins-Singh. The chapter analyses the debates about the cases in two broadsheets: The Guardian and The Telegraph. The cases all concerned the rights of schoolgirls in state schools to wear particular kinds of religious clothing and symbols: two different versions of the hijab, a Christian purity ring, and a Sikh bangle. Examining the way tolerance and difference and identity are articulated across the debates about the four cases, I show how lines of inclusion and exclusion are articulated, existing side by side and competing within the same representational space of British multiculturalism.

Japanese enter/exit verbs revisited

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natsuko Tsujimura
Keyword(s):  
Motion Verbs ◽  
Change Of State ◽  
Spatial Expressions ◽  
Semantic Encoding ◽  
Discrete Change

Kita (1999) compares Japanese and English Enter/Exit verbs in spatial expressions, and argues that Japanese Enter/Exit verbs lack semantic encoding of motion. He claims that this runs counter to the view which considers motion and location to be primitives in the semantics of spatial expressions; instead, he proposes that discrete change of state should be included in the set of primitives. In this reply,I will first show that Kita’s evidence does not support lack of motion in Japanese Enter/Exit verbs, but that instead these verbs do pattern with motion verbs in the language, where conflation of motion is not disputable. I finally demonstrate that Kita’s claim about change of state may be well taken, but it should be put in a larger context of regular polysemy.

Semantic and Phonological Encoding in Adults Who Stutter: Silent Responses to Pictorial Stimuli

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 2537-2550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Phonological Encoding ◽  
Vowel Identification ◽  
Pictorial Stimuli ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Semantic Encoding ◽  
Adults Who Stutter ◽  
Encoding Efficiency ◽  
Phoneme Identification

Purpose Research on language planning in adult stuttering is relatively sparse and offers diverging arguments about a potential causative relationship between semantic and phonological encoding and fluency breakdowns. This study further investigated semantic and phonological encoding efficiency in adults who stutter (AWS) by means of silent category and phoneme identification, respectively. Method Fifteen AWS and 15 age- and sex-matched adults who do not stutter (ANS) participated. The groups were compared on the basis of the accuracy and speed of superordinate category (animal vs. object) and initial phoneme (vowel vs. consonant) decisions, which were indicated manually during silent viewing of pictorial stimuli. Movement execution latency was accounted for, and no other cognitive, linguistic, or motor demands were posed on participants' responses. Therefore, category identification accuracy and speed were considered indirect measures of semantic encoding efficiency and phoneme identification accuracy and speed of phonological encoding efficiency. Results For category decisions, AWS were slower but not less accurate than ANS, with objects eliciting more errors and slower responses than animals in both groups. For phoneme decisions, the groups did not differ in accuracy, with consonant errors outnumbering vowel errors in both groups, and AWS were slower than ANS in consonant but not vowel identification, with consonant response time lagging behind vowel response time in AWS only. Conclusions AWS were less efficient than ANS in semantic encoding, and they might harbor a consonant-specific phonological encoding weakness. Future independent studies are warranted to discover if these positive findings are replicable and a marker for persistent stuttering.

Semantic encoding of isolated words.

1976 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Sabol ◽  
Donald V. de Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Encoding

scholarly journals Differences in semantic encoding as a function of reading comprehension skill

1981 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 618-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward C. Merrill ◽  
Richard D. Sperber ◽  
Charley McCauley
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Comprehension Skill ◽  
Semantic Encoding

scholarly journals The Neural Representational Space of Social Memory

Open Mind ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Dziura ◽  
James C. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Incidental Learning ◽  
Multivariate Pattern Analysis ◽  
Temporoparietal Junction ◽  
Representational Space ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
The Social ◽  
Multivariate Pattern ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Social functioning involves learning about the social networks in which we live and interact; knowing not just our friends, but also who is friends with our friends. This study utilized an incidental learning paradigm and representational similarity analysis (RSA), a functional MRI multivariate pattern analysis technique, to examine the relationship between learning social networks and the brain’s response to the faces within the networks. We found that accuracy of learning face pair relationships through observation is correlated with neural similarity patterns to those pairs in the left temporoparietal junction (TPJ), the left fusiform gyrus, and the subcallosal ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), all areas previously implicated in social cognition. This model was also significant in portions of the cerebellum and thalamus. These results show that the similarity of neural patterns represent how accurately we understand the closeness of any two faces within a network. Our findings indicate that these areas of the brain not only process knowledge and understanding of others, but also support learning relations between individuals in groups.

scholarly journals Linguistic Temporality, Logical Meaning and Narrative Perspectives: Adverbs /zai/ and /you/ in Modern Standard Chinese

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
Jens KARLSSON
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Information ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Conceptual Analogy ◽  
Semantic Encoding ◽  
Standard Chinese ◽  
Decompositional Analysis ◽  
Modern Standard ◽  
Temporal Adverbs

In this paper is presented an inquiry into some aspects of the meaning and usage of two temporal adverbs zai (再) and you (又) in Modern Standard Chinese. A decompositional analysis of the semantic encoding of the adverbs is conducted, aiming to better explain their recorded differences in usage. First, a sketch of some of the fundamental features of linguistic temporality is provided in order to model the structure of temporal semantic information encoded in the adverbs. Non-temporal (logical) meaning such as assertion and inference is also shown to be an important aspect of the semantic content of the adverbs. Adverbs zai and you are shown to encode the same semantic content except for a difference in viewpoint; the first being prospective, the second retrospective. Concrete linguistic examples reflecting the intrinsic semantic encoding of the adverbs are raised and discussed. It is then argued that through combining the decompositional analysis with ideas concerning conceptual analogy, some issues raised by Lu and Ma (1999) regarding the usage of zai and you in past and future settings may be resolved.

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