scholarly journals Cellular Composition of the Preoptic Area Regulating Sleep, Parental, and Sexual Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousuke Tsuneoka ◽  
Hiromasa Funato
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Steroid Receptors ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Reproductive Behaviors ◽  
Innate Behaviors

The preoptic area (POA) has long been recognized as a sleep center, first proposed by von Economo. The POA, especially the medial POA (MPOA), is also involved in the regulation of various innate functions such as sexual and parental behaviors. Consistent with its many roles, the MPOA is composed of subregions that are identified by different gene and protein expressions. This review addresses the current understanding of the molecular and cellular architecture of POA neurons in relation to sleep and reproductive behavior. Optogenetic and pharmacogenetic studies have revealed a diverse group of neurons within the POA that exhibit different neural activity patterns depending on vigilance states and whose activity can enhance or suppress wake, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. These sleep-regulating neurons are not restricted to the ventrolateral POA (VLPO) region but are widespread in the lateral MPOA and LPOA as well. Neurons expressing galanin also express gonadal steroid receptors and regulate motivational aspects of reproductive behaviors. Moxd1, a novel marker of sexually dimorphic nuclei (SDN), visualizes the SDN of the POA (SDN-POA). The role of the POA in sleep and other innate behaviors has been addressed separately; more integrated observation will be necessary to obtain physiologically relevant insight that penetrates the different dimensions of animal behavior.

scholarly journals Dream Recall upon Awakening from Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in Older Adults: Electrophysiological Pattern and Qualitative Features

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Scarpelli ◽  
Aurora D’Atri ◽  
Chiara Bartolacci ◽  
Maurizio Gorgoni ◽  
Anastasia Mangiaruga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Dream Recall ◽  
Cortical Arousal ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Dream Report

Several findings support the activation hypothesis, positing that cortical arousal promotes dream recall (DR). However, most studies have been carried out on young participants, while the electrophysiological (EEG) correlates of DR in older people are still mostly unknown. We aimed to test the activation hypothesis on 20 elders, focusing on the Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep stage. All the subjects underwent polysomnography, and a dream report was collected upon their awakening from NREM sleep. Nine subjects were recallers (RECs) and 11 were non-RECs (NRECs). The delta and beta EEG activity of the last 5 min and the total NREM sleep was calculated by Fast Fourier Transform. Statistical comparisons (RECs vs. NRECs) revealed no differences in the last 5 min of sleep. Significant differences were found in the total NREM sleep: the RECs showed lower delta power over the parietal areas than the NRECs. Consistently, statistical comparisons on the activation index (delta/beta power) revealed that RECs showed a higher level of arousal in the fronto-temporal and parieto-occipital regions than NRECs. Both visual vividness and dream length are positively related to the level of activation. Overall, our results are consistent with the view that dreaming and the storage of oneiric contents depend on the level of arousal during sleep, highlighting a crucial role of the temporo-parietal-occipital zone.

Diagnosis of sleep and circadian rhythm disorder

2020 ◽  
pp. 1124-1136
Author(s):  
Kirstie Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Sleep Disorder ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Diaries ◽  
Circadian Rhythm Disorder ◽  
Rhythm Disorder

The diagnosis of sleep and circadian rhythm disorders provides a detailed framework to correctly diagnose the primary sleep disorders that a psychiatrist will see in daily practice, including common sleep-related movement disorders. This includes the specific sleep history, the role of sleep diaries, validated questionnaires, and how to interpret the scores and the role of both home and inpatient sleep studies (polysomnography). The most recent diagnostic criteria within the International Classification of Sleep Disorder, third edition (ICSD-3) are used for the four major categories of sleep disorder: hypersomnia, insomnia, parasomnia, and circadian rhythm disorder. Common sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), restless legs syndrome (RLS), narcolepsy, and both non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep parasomnia and rapid eye movement (REM) parasomnia are described. It is written for qualified specialist doctors.

scholarly journals Medulla glutamatergic neurons control wake-sleep transitions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasa Teng ◽  
Fenghua Zhen ◽  
Jose Canovas Schalchli ◽  
Xinyue Chen ◽  
Hao Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Glutamatergic Neurons ◽  
Sleep Maintenance ◽  
Brain Circuits

SUMMARYSleep is a ubiquitous behavior in animal species. Yet, brain circuits controlling sleep remain poorly understood. Previous studies have identified several brain structures that promote sleep, but whether these structures are involved in sleep initiation or sleep maintenance remains largely unknown. Here we identified a population of glutamatergic neurons in the medulla that project to the preoptic area (POA), a prominent sleep-promoting region. Chemogenetic silencing of POA-projecting medulla neurons disrupts the transitions from wakefulness to Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep, whereas chemogenetic activation of these neurons promotes NREM sleep. Moreover, we show that optogenetic activation of medulla glutamatergic neurons or their projections in the POA reliably initiates long-lasting NREM sleep in awake mice. Together, our findings uncover a novel excitatory brainstem-hypothalamic circuit that controls the wake-sleep transitions.

scholarly journals Glutamatergic neurons in the preoptic hypothalamus promote wakefulness, destabilize NREM sleep, suppress REM sleep, and regulate cortical dynamics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Mondino ◽  
Viviane Hambrecht-Wiedbusch ◽  
Duan Li ◽  
A. Kane York ◽  
Dinesh Pal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Cortical Dynamics ◽  
Glutamatergic Neurons ◽  
Conditional Expression

ABSTRACTClinical and experimental data from the last nine decades indicate that the preoptic area of the hypothalamus is a critical node in a brain network that controls sleep onset and homeostasis. By contrast, we recently reported that a group of glutamatergic neurons in the lateral and medial preoptic area increases wakefulness, challenging the long-standing notion in sleep neurobiology that the preoptic area is exclusively somnogenic. However, the precise role of these subcortical neurons in the control of behavioral state transitions and cortical dynamics remains unknown. Therefore, in this study we used conditional expression of excitatory hM3Dq receptors in these preoptic glutamatergic (Vglut2+) neurons and show that their activation initiates wakefulness, decreases non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and causes a persistent suppression of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Activation of preoptic glutamatergic neurons also causes a high degree of NREM sleep fragmentation, promotes state instability with frequent arousals from sleep, and shifts cortical dynamics (including oscillations, connectivity, and complexity) to a more wake-like state. We conclude that a subset of preoptic glutamatergic neurons may initiate -but not maintain- arousals from sleep, and their inactivation may be required for NREM stability and REM sleep generation. Further, these data provide novel empirical evidence supporting the conclusion that the preoptic area causally contributes to the regulation of both sleep and wakefulness.

Role of GABA-A receptor in the preoptic area in the regulation of sleep–wakefulness and rapid eye movement sleep

1999 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muna Ali ◽  
Sushil K. Jha ◽  
Satvinder Kaur ◽  
Birendra N. Mallick
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Gaba A

scholarly journals Is Adenosine Action Common Ground for NREM Sleep, Torpor, and Other Hypometabolic States?

Physiology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Silvani ◽  
Matteo Cerri ◽  
Giovanna Zoccoli ◽  
Steven J. Swoap
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Space Travel ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement

This review compares two states that lower energy expenditure: non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and torpor. Knowledge on mechanisms common to these states, and particularly on the role of adenosine in NREM sleep, may ultimately open the possibility of inducing a synthetic torpor-like state in humans for medical applications and long-term space travel. To achieve this goal, it will be important, in perspective, to extend the study to other hypometabolic states, which, unlike torpor, can also be experienced by humans.

Such stuff as NREM dreams are made on?

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 611-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
PierCarla Cicogna ◽  
Miranda Occhionero
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Cognitive Networks ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement

AbstractThe question that we deal with in this commentary is the need to clarify the synergistic role of different non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep stages (stages 2 and 3–4) with REM and while awake in elaborative encoding of episodic memory. If the assumption is that there is isomorphism between neuronal and cognitive networks, then more detailed analysis of NREM sleep and dreams is absolutely necessary.

scholarly journals Manipulating neural activity and sleep-dependent memory consolidation

Neuroforum ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Ghorbani ◽  
Lisa Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Neural Oscillations ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Hippocampus Dependent Memory

AbstractSleep contributes actively to the consolidation of many forms of memory. This review describes the neural oscillations of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, the structures underlying these oscillations and their relation to hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation. A main focus lies on the relation between inter- and intraregional interactions and their electrophysiological representation. Methods for modulating neural oscillations with the intent of affecting memory consolidation are presented.

Sleep Disorders

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhansu Chokroverty
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders ◽  
Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Sleep Mechanism

Recent research has generated an enormous fund of knowledge about the neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness. Sleeping and waking brain circuits can now be studied by sophisticated neuroimaging techniques that map different areas of the brain during different sleep states and stages. Although the exact biologic functions of sleep are not known, sleep is essential, and sleep deprivation leads to impaired attention and decreased performance. Sleep is also believed to have restorative, conservative, adaptive, thermoregulatory, and consolidative functions. This review discusses the physiology of sleep, including its two independent states, rapid eye movement (REM) and non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, as well as functional neuroanatomy, physiologic changes during sleep, and circadian rhythms. The classification and diagnosis of sleep disorders are discussed generally. The diagnosis and treatment of the following disorders are described: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, narcolepsy-cataplexy sydrome, idiopathic hypersomnia, restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movements in sleep, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, insomnias, nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, and parasomnias. Sleep-related movement disorders and the relationship between sleep and psychiatric disorders are also discussed. Tables describe behavioral and physiologic characteristics of states of awareness, the international classification of sleep disorders, common sleep complaints, comorbid insomnia disorders, causes of excessive daytime somnolence, laboratory tests to assess sleep disorders, essential diagnostic criteria for RLS and Willis-Ekbom disease, and drug therapy for insomnia. Figures include polysomnographic recording showing wakefulness in an adult; stage 1, 2, and 3 NREM sleep in an adult; REM sleep in an adult; a patient with sleep apnea syndrome; a patient with Cheyne-Stokes breathing; a patient with RLS; and a patient with dream-enacting behavior; schematic sagittal section of the brainstem of the cat; schematic diagram of the McCarley-Hobson model of REM sleep mechanism; the Lu-Saper “flip-flop” model; the Luppi model to explain REM sleep mechanism; and a wrist actigraph from a man with bipolar disorder. This review contains 14 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, 115 references, and 5 MCQs.

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