scholarly journals Medulla glutamatergic neurons control wake-sleep transitions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasa Teng ◽  
Fenghua Zhen ◽  
Jose Canovas Schalchli ◽  
Xinyue Chen ◽  
Hao Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Glutamatergic Neurons ◽  
Sleep Maintenance ◽  
Brain Circuits

SUMMARYSleep is a ubiquitous behavior in animal species. Yet, brain circuits controlling sleep remain poorly understood. Previous studies have identified several brain structures that promote sleep, but whether these structures are involved in sleep initiation or sleep maintenance remains largely unknown. Here we identified a population of glutamatergic neurons in the medulla that project to the preoptic area (POA), a prominent sleep-promoting region. Chemogenetic silencing of POA-projecting medulla neurons disrupts the transitions from wakefulness to Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep, whereas chemogenetic activation of these neurons promotes NREM sleep. Moreover, we show that optogenetic activation of medulla glutamatergic neurons or their projections in the POA reliably initiates long-lasting NREM sleep in awake mice. Together, our findings uncover a novel excitatory brainstem-hypothalamic circuit that controls the wake-sleep transitions.

scholarly journals Glutamatergic neurons in the preoptic hypothalamus promote wakefulness, destabilize NREM sleep, suppress REM sleep, and regulate cortical dynamics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Mondino ◽  
Viviane Hambrecht-Wiedbusch ◽  
Duan Li ◽  
A. Kane York ◽  
Dinesh Pal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Cortical Dynamics ◽  
Glutamatergic Neurons ◽  
Conditional Expression

ABSTRACTClinical and experimental data from the last nine decades indicate that the preoptic area of the hypothalamus is a critical node in a brain network that controls sleep onset and homeostasis. By contrast, we recently reported that a group of glutamatergic neurons in the lateral and medial preoptic area increases wakefulness, challenging the long-standing notion in sleep neurobiology that the preoptic area is exclusively somnogenic. However, the precise role of these subcortical neurons in the control of behavioral state transitions and cortical dynamics remains unknown. Therefore, in this study we used conditional expression of excitatory hM3Dq receptors in these preoptic glutamatergic (Vglut2+) neurons and show that their activation initiates wakefulness, decreases non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and causes a persistent suppression of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Activation of preoptic glutamatergic neurons also causes a high degree of NREM sleep fragmentation, promotes state instability with frequent arousals from sleep, and shifts cortical dynamics (including oscillations, connectivity, and complexity) to a more wake-like state. We conclude that a subset of preoptic glutamatergic neurons may initiate -but not maintain- arousals from sleep, and their inactivation may be required for NREM stability and REM sleep generation. Further, these data provide novel empirical evidence supporting the conclusion that the preoptic area causally contributes to the regulation of both sleep and wakefulness.

scholarly journals Cellular Composition of the Preoptic Area Regulating Sleep, Parental, and Sexual Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousuke Tsuneoka ◽  
Hiromasa Funato
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Steroid Receptors ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Reproductive Behaviors ◽  
Innate Behaviors

The preoptic area (POA) has long been recognized as a sleep center, first proposed by von Economo. The POA, especially the medial POA (MPOA), is also involved in the regulation of various innate functions such as sexual and parental behaviors. Consistent with its many roles, the MPOA is composed of subregions that are identified by different gene and protein expressions. This review addresses the current understanding of the molecular and cellular architecture of POA neurons in relation to sleep and reproductive behavior. Optogenetic and pharmacogenetic studies have revealed a diverse group of neurons within the POA that exhibit different neural activity patterns depending on vigilance states and whose activity can enhance or suppress wake, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. These sleep-regulating neurons are not restricted to the ventrolateral POA (VLPO) region but are widespread in the lateral MPOA and LPOA as well. Neurons expressing galanin also express gonadal steroid receptors and regulate motivational aspects of reproductive behaviors. Moxd1, a novel marker of sexually dimorphic nuclei (SDN), visualizes the SDN of the POA (SDN-POA). The role of the POA in sleep and other innate behaviors has been addressed separately; more integrated observation will be necessary to obtain physiologically relevant insight that penetrates the different dimensions of animal behavior.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Origin of Distinct NREM and REM Sleep

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risa Yamazaki ◽  
Hirofumi Toda ◽  
Paul-Antoine Libourel ◽  
Yu Hayashi ◽  
Kaspar E. Vogt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Evolutionary Origin ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Insight Into

Sleep is mandatory in most animals that have the nervous system and is universally observed in model organisms ranging from the nematodes, zebrafish, to mammals. However, it is unclear whether different sleep states fulfill common functions and are driven by shared mechanisms in these different animal species. Mammals and birds exhibit two obviously distinct states of sleep, i.e., non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, but it is unknown why sleep should be so segregated. Studying sleep in other animal models might give us clues that help solve this puzzle. Recent studies suggest that REM sleep, or ancestral forms of REM sleep might be found in non-mammalian or -avian species such as reptiles. These observations suggest that REM sleep and NREM sleep evolved earlier than previously thought. In this review, we discuss the evolutionary origin of the distinct REM/NREM sleep states to gain insight into the mechanistic and functional reason for these two different types of sleep.

scholarly journals Neurophysiological control of sleep with special emphasis on melatonin

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-376
Author(s):  
Iv. Penchev Georgiev
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Melatonin Receptor Agonists

Sleep and wakefulness are two main types of human and animal behavior. On the average human beings spend about one-third of their lives asleep. The sleep-wake cycle is the most important circadian rhythms which alternates in a periodic manner lasting for about 24 hours. Sleep is determined as the natural periodic suspension of consciousness characterized by relative immobility and reduced responsiveness to external stimuli. The researchers have found and identified many special brain structures and systems controlling waking, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye (NREM) sleep and the transitions among these states. Currently, there is an enhanced interest of researchers toward sleep and its neurophysiological mechanisms of regulation because the number of people suffering from various sleep disturbance such as insomnia, delayed sleep onset, duration and propensity of sleep, worldwide dramatically increases. In addition to the next day drowsiness, nervousness, tiredness and decreased workability, it has been suggested that sleep is important also for the maintaining of mood, memory and cognitive function of the brain and is essential for the normal functioning of the endocrine and immune systems. More recently, new studies show a sustained link between sleep disorders and different serious health problems, including obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardio-vascular diseases and depression. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize and analyze the available data about the neurological control of wakefulness, non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep and rapid- eye-movement (REM) sleep creating a substantial basis for better understanding different sleep disorders. Special attention is paid on the pharmacological aspects and use of some new classes of sleep promoting agents – melatonin, melatonin receptor agonists and orexin receptor antagonists.

scholarly journals Manipulating neural activity and sleep-dependent memory consolidation

Neuroforum ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Ghorbani ◽  
Lisa Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Neural Oscillations ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Hippocampus Dependent Memory

AbstractSleep contributes actively to the consolidation of many forms of memory. This review describes the neural oscillations of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, the structures underlying these oscillations and their relation to hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation. A main focus lies on the relation between inter- and intraregional interactions and their electrophysiological representation. Methods for modulating neural oscillations with the intent of affecting memory consolidation are presented.

Sleep Disorders

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhansu Chokroverty
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders ◽  
Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Sleep Mechanism

Recent research has generated an enormous fund of knowledge about the neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness. Sleeping and waking brain circuits can now be studied by sophisticated neuroimaging techniques that map different areas of the brain during different sleep states and stages. Although the exact biologic functions of sleep are not known, sleep is essential, and sleep deprivation leads to impaired attention and decreased performance. Sleep is also believed to have restorative, conservative, adaptive, thermoregulatory, and consolidative functions. This review discusses the physiology of sleep, including its two independent states, rapid eye movement (REM) and non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, as well as functional neuroanatomy, physiologic changes during sleep, and circadian rhythms. The classification and diagnosis of sleep disorders are discussed generally. The diagnosis and treatment of the following disorders are described: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, narcolepsy-cataplexy sydrome, idiopathic hypersomnia, restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movements in sleep, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, insomnias, nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, and parasomnias. Sleep-related movement disorders and the relationship between sleep and psychiatric disorders are also discussed. Tables describe behavioral and physiologic characteristics of states of awareness, the international classification of sleep disorders, common sleep complaints, comorbid insomnia disorders, causes of excessive daytime somnolence, laboratory tests to assess sleep disorders, essential diagnostic criteria for RLS and Willis-Ekbom disease, and drug therapy for insomnia. Figures include polysomnographic recording showing wakefulness in an adult; stage 1, 2, and 3 NREM sleep in an adult; REM sleep in an adult; a patient with sleep apnea syndrome; a patient with Cheyne-Stokes breathing; a patient with RLS; and a patient with dream-enacting behavior; schematic sagittal section of the brainstem of the cat; schematic diagram of the McCarley-Hobson model of REM sleep mechanism; the Lu-Saper “flip-flop” model; the Luppi model to explain REM sleep mechanism; and a wrist actigraph from a man with bipolar disorder. This review contains 14 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, 115 references, and 5 MCQs.

146 Better Aerobic Fitness Is Associated with Distinct Sleep Characteristics in Adolescents

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A60-A60
Author(s):  
Ariel Neikrug ◽  
Shlomit Radom-Aizik ◽  
Ivy Chen ◽  
Annamarie Stehli ◽  
Kitty Lui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Spindle ◽  
Sleep Patterns ◽  
Peak Vo2 ◽  
Local Sleep

Abstract Introduction Aerobic fitness facilitates brain synaptic plasticity, which influences global and local sleep expression. While it is known that sleep patterns/behavior and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep slow wave activity (SWA) tracks brain maturation, little is known about how aerobic fitness and sleep interact during development in youth. The aim of this pilot was to characterize relationships among aerobic fitness, measures of global/local sleep expression, and habitual sleep patterns in children and adolescents. We hypothesized that greater aerobic fitness would be associated with better sleep quality, indicated by increased SWA. Methods 20 adolescents (mean age=14.6±2.3 years old, range 11-17, 11 females) were evaluated for AF (peak VO2 assessed by ramp-type progressive cycle ergometry in the laboratory), habitual sleep duration and efficiency (continuous 7-14 day actigraphy with sleep diary), and topographic patterns of spectral power in slow wave, theta, and sleep spindle frequency ranges in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep using overnight polysomnography with high-density electroencephalography (hdEEG, 128 channels). Results Significant relationships were observed between peak VO2 and habitual bedtime (r=-0.604, p=0.013) and wake-up time (r=-0.644, p=0.007), with greater fitness associated with an earlier sleep schedule (going to bed and waking up earlier). Peak VO2 was a significant predictor of slow oscillations (0.5-1Hz, p=0.018) and theta activity (4.5-7.5Hz, p=0.002) over anterior frontal and central derivations (p<0.001 and p=0.001, respectively) after adjusting for sex and pubertal development stage. Similar associations were detected for fast sleep spindle activity (13-16Hz, p=0.006), which was greater over temporo-parietal derivations. Conclusion Greater AF was associated with earlier habitual sleep times and with enhanced expression of developmentally-relevant sleep oscillations during NREM sleep. These data suggest that AF may 1) minimize the behavioral sleep delay commonly seen during adolescence, and 2) impact topographically-specific features of sleep physiology known to mechanistically support neuroplasticity and cognitive processes which are dependent on prefrontal cortex and hippocampal function in adolescents and adults. Support (if any) NCATS grant #UL1TR001414 & PERC Systems Biology Fund

Sleep Disorders

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhansu Chokroverty
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders ◽  
Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Sleep Mechanism

Recent research has generated an enormous fund of knowledge about the neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness. Sleeping and waking brain circuits can now be studied by sophisticated neuroimaging techniques that map different areas of the brain during different sleep states and stages. Although the exact biologic functions of sleep are not known, sleep is essential, and sleep deprivation leads to impaired attention and decreased performance. Sleep is also believed to have restorative, conservative, adaptive, thermoregulatory, and consolidative functions. This review discusses the physiology of sleep, including its two independent states, rapid eye movement (REM) and non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, as well as functional neuroanatomy, physiologic changes during sleep, and circadian rhythms. The classification and diagnosis of sleep disorders are discussed generally. The diagnosis and treatment of the following disorders are described: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, narcolepsy-cataplexy sydrome, idiopathic hypersomnia, restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movements in sleep, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, insomnias, nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, and parasomnias. Sleep-related movement disorders and the relationship between sleep and psychiatric disorders are also discussed. Tables describe behavioral and physiologic characteristics of states of awareness, the international classification of sleep disorders, common sleep complaints, comorbid insomnia disorders, causes of excessive daytime somnolence, laboratory tests to assess sleep disorders, essential diagnostic criteria for RLS and Willis-Ekbom disease, and drug therapy for insomnia. Figures include polysomnographic recording showing wakefulness in an adult; stage 1, 2, and 3 NREM sleep in an adult; REM sleep in an adult; a patient with sleep apnea syndrome; a patient with Cheyne-Stokes breathing; a patient with RLS; and a patient with dream-enacting behavior; schematic sagittal section of the brainstem of the cat; schematic diagram of the McCarley-Hobson model of REM sleep mechanism; the Lu-Saper “flip-flop” model; the Luppi model to explain REM sleep mechanism; and a wrist actigraph from a man with bipolar disorder. This review contains 14 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, 115 references, and 5 MCQs.

Arousal Characteristics in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease and Isolated Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Brink-Kjær ◽  
Matteo Cesari ◽  
Friederike Sixel-Döring ◽  
Brit Mollenhauer ◽  
Claudia Trenkwalder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Behavior

Abstract Study objectives Patients diagnosed with isolated rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) have altered sleep stability reflecting neurodegeneration in brainstem structures. We hypothesize that neurodegeneration alters the expression of cortical arousals in sleep. Methods We analyzed polysomnography data recorded from 88 healthy controls (HC), 22 iRBD patients, 82 de novo PD patients without RBD and 32 with RBD (PD+RBD). These patients were also investigated at a 2-year follow-up. Arousals were analyzed using a previously validated automatic system, which used a central EEG lead, electrooculography, and chin electromyography. Multiple linear regression models were fitted to compare group differences at baseline and change to follow-up for arousal index (ArI), shifts in electroencephalographic signals associated with arousals, and arousal chin muscle tone. The regression models were adjusted for known covariates affecting the nature of arousal. Results In comparison to HC, patients with iRBD and PD+RBD showed increased ArI during REM sleep and their arousals showed a significantly lower shift in α-band power at arousals and a higher muscle tone during arousals. In comparison to HC, the PD patients were characterized by a decreased ArI in NREM sleep at baseline. ArI during NREM sleep decreased further at the 2-year follow-up, although not significantly Conclusions Patients with PD and iRBD present with abnormal arousal characteristics as scored by an automated method. These abnormalities are likely to be caused by neurodegeneration of the reticular activation system due to alpha-synuclein aggregation.

Chloral Hydrate and the Carbon Dioxide Chemoreceptor Response: A Study of Puppies and Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-450
Author(s):  
Martin H. Lees ◽  
George D. Olsen ◽  
Kip L. McGilliard ◽  
James D. Newcomb ◽  
Cecille O. Sunderland
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Natural Sleep ◽  
Co2 Elimination

CO2 chemoreceptor function was assessed during natural sleep and following the administration of 100 mg/kg of chloral hydrate to 26 puppies. With chloral hydrate-induced sleep, there were no significant changes in ventilation or in CO2 chemoreceptor response. The ventilation and CO2 chemoreceptor response of a group of infants in natural sleep were compared with those of a group receiving 50 mg/kg of chloral hydrate. Tidal volume, O2 consumption, and CO2 elimination were slightly higher in the group given chloral hydrate. There was no difference in the CO2 chemoreceptor response. The proportion of time spent in rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in chloral hydrate-induced sleep was similar to that occurring in natural sleep. Use of chloral hydrate stabilizes O2 consumption and CO2 production, and it greatly facilitates the assessment of chemoreceptor function in infants. The CO2 chemoreceptor response appears not to be altered in puppies or infants.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document