scholarly journals Alternative Oxidase Inhibition Impairs Tobacco Root Development and Root Hair Formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Lu-Lu Yu ◽  
Ye Peng ◽  
Xin-Xin Geng ◽  
Fei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Alternative Oxidase ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Main Root ◽  
Respiratory Pathway ◽  
Root Hair Formation ◽  
Hair Formation

Alternative oxidase (AOX) is the terminal oxidase of the mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain in plant cells and is critical for the balance of mitochondrial hemostasis. In this study, the effect of inhibition of AOX with different concentrations of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) on the tobacco root development was investigated. We show here that AOX inhibition significantly impaired the development of the main root and root hair formation of tobacco. The length of the main root of SHAM-treated tobacco was significantly shorter than that of the control, and no root hairs were formed after treatment with a concentration of 1 mM SHAM or more. The transcriptome analysis showed that AOX inhibition by 1 mM SHAM involved in the regulation of gene expression related to root architecture. A total of 5,855 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained by comparing SHAM-treated roots with control. Of these, the gene expression related to auxin biosynthesis and perception were significantly downregulated by 1 mM SHAM. Similarly, genes related to cell wall loosening, cell cycle, and root meristem growth factor 1 (RGF1) also showed downregulation on SHAM treatment. Moreover, combined with the results of physiological measurements, the transcriptome analysis demonstrated that AOX inhibition resulted in excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species in roots, which further induced oxidative damage and cell apoptosis. It is worth noting that when indoleacetic acid (20 nM) and dimethylthiourea (10 mM) were added to the medium containing SHAM, the defects of tobacco root development were alleviated, but to a limited extent. Together, these findings indicated that AOX-mediated respiratory pathway plays a crucial role in the tobacco root development, including root hair formation.

scholarly journals Transcriptome sequencing analysis of maize roots reveals the effects of substrate and root hair formation in a spatial context

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minh Ganther ◽  
Doris Vetterlein ◽  
Anna Heintz-Buschart ◽  
Mika Tapio Tarkka
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Spatial Context ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Experimental Platform ◽  
Root Hair Formation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hair Formation

Abstract Background Plant roots sense and respond to changes in their soil environment, but conversely contribute to rhizosphere organization through chemical, mechanical and biotic interactions. Transcriptomic profiling of plant roots can be used to assess how the plant adjusts its gene expression in relation to environment, genotype and rhizosphere processes; thus enabling us to achieve a better understanding of root-soil interactions. Methods We used a standardized soil column experimental platform to investigate the impact of soil texture (loam, sand) and root hair formation (wildtype, root hair defective rth3 mutant) in a spatial context (three sampling depths) and assessed maize root transcriptomic profiles using next-generation RNA sequencing. Results Substrate induced the largest changes in root gene expression patterns, affecting gene functions related to immunity, stress, growth and water uptake. Genes with column depth-related expression levels were associated with growth and plant defense. The influence of root hairs mainly manifested in differential expression of epidermal cell differentiation and cell wall organization, and defense response-related genes. Substrate type strongly modified the transcriptomic patterns related to column depth and root hair elongation, highlighting the strong impact of soil texture. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that substrate, sampling depth and plant genotype interactively affect maize gene expression, and suggest feedback processes between the plant, the soil and the microbiome. The obtained results form a foundational basis for the integration and interpretation of future experiments utilizing the same experimental platform.

Integrated analysis of plant gene expression and bacterial and protozoan community composition reveals changes related to root zonation, root cap and root hair formation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minh Ganther ◽  
Lioba Rüger ◽  
Michael Bonkowski ◽  
Anna Heintz-Buschart ◽  
Mika Tarkka
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Root Cap ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Root Interactions ◽  
Protozoan Community ◽  
Root Hair Formation ◽  
Root Gene Expression ◽  
Hair Formation

<p>This study was conducted within the framework of the DFG project SPP2089 “Rhizosphere Spatiotemporal Organization – a Key to Rhizosphere Functions” (project number 403641192).</p><p>As plant roots grow into the soil, the formation of biological gradients occurs at different spatial scales. It has been shown that plants recruit specific subsets of the soil bacterial community at their roots through excretion of mucilage at root tips and exudates at the sites of root hair formation. The promotion of or defense against certain bacterial taxa is also reflected in the composition of the protist communities that feed on bacteria.</p><p>Using high-throughput sequencing methods, we investigated emerging patterns in root gene expression in relation to bacterial and protozoan community structures. We found highly distinct root region specific patterns relating to differential root gene expression relating to growth, defense and transporter activity, as well as bacterial and protist (cercozoan) diversity. Root cap removal led to differently composed microbial communities, as well as a regulation of root genes relating to stress and defense. The lack of root hairs was only reflected in the amount of microbial carbon in soil and a small number of differentially expressed genes involved in cell wall processes.</p><p>We could show that the rhizosphere microbiome, is as dynamic as its environment. Root regions differentially affect microbial communities, which is also reflected in the expression of plant genes of categories relating to defense, immunity and stress. Our findings will further enhance our understanding of microbial root interactions at single root scale.</p>

DEVELOPMENTAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE ROOT OF SELAGINELLA MARTENSII SPRING

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Webster ◽  
T. A. Steeves
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Root Cap ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Developmental Morphology ◽  
Root Hair Formation ◽  
Hair Formation

The origin and development of the root of Selaginella martensii have been investigated. The roots arise from angle-meristems situated at each branching of the stem. A ventral angle-meristem is present at each forking, and at some forkings a corresponding dorsal angle-meristem is also present. As the root grows through its aerial length (several centimeters), the tip undergoes bifurcation and a root cap is lacking. When the tip nears the soil, a cap is formed by distal segmentation of cells in the apical meristem. Externally visible branching and root hair formation usually occur soon after a cap is formed. The observations of root development in S. martensii agree in general with observations previously made on S. densa, S. wallacei, and S. kraussiana. No evidence for a “rhizophore” or endogenous root initiation as described previously by others has been found. The results are discussed in the light of the concept of a “rhizophore” in Selaginella.

Root hair formation and elongation of primary maize roots

1986 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francoise Jaunin ◽  
Rose-Marie Hofer
Keyword(s):  
Root Hair ◽  
Maize Roots ◽  
Root Hair Formation ◽  
Hair Formation

Regulation of the Alternative Oxidase in Plants and Fungi.

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Day ◽  
J Whelan ◽  
AH Millar ◽  
JN Siedow ◽  
JT Wiskich
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Protein Modification ◽  
Alternative Oxidase ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
The Past ◽  
Regulation Of Activity

The alternative oxidase of the inner mitochondrial membrane catalyses cyanide-insensitive respiration in plants and fungi. The molecular biology and regulation of this oxidase have been intensively studied over the past 10 years. Genes have been isolated, expression has been investigated and novel mechanisms for the regulation of activity have been discovered. This paper reviews these recent advances, focusing on the regulation of gene expression and activation by protein modification and organic acids, and possible roles of the alternative oxidase are discussed.

Molecular mapping of genes involved in root hair formation in barley

Euphytica ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 157 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 95-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Janiak ◽  
Iwona Szarejko
Keyword(s):  
Root Hair ◽  
Molecular Mapping ◽  
Root Hair Formation ◽  
Hair Formation
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