scholarly journals Phylogenetic Occurrence of the Phenylpropanoid Pathway and Lignin Biosynthesis in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Yao ◽  
Kai Feng ◽  
Meng Xie ◽  
Jaime Barros ◽  
Timothy J. Tschaplinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Shikimate Pathway ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Bioenergy Crops ◽  
Plant Colonization ◽  
Epsp Synthase ◽  
Syringyl Lignin ◽  
Lignin Biosynthetic Pathway

The phenylpropanoid pathway serves as a rich source of metabolites in plants and provides precursors for lignin biosynthesis. Lignin first appeared in tracheophytes and has been hypothesized to have played pivotal roles in land plant colonization. In this review, we summarize recent progress in defining the lignin biosynthetic pathway in lycophytes, monilophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. In particular, we review the key structural genes involved in p-hydroxyphenyl-, guaiacyl-, and syringyl-lignin biosynthesis across plant taxa and consider and integrate new insights on major transcription factors, such as NACs and MYBs. We also review insight regarding a new transcriptional regulator, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase, canonically identified as a key enzyme in the shikimate pathway. We use several case studies, including EPSP synthase, to illustrate the evolution processes of gene duplication and neo-functionalization in lignin biosynthesis. This review provides new insights into the genetic engineering of the lignin biosynthetic pathway to overcome biomass recalcitrance in bioenergy crops.

scholarly journals Compensatory guaiacyl lignin biosynthesis at the expense of syringyl lignin in 4CL1-knockout poplar

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chung-Jui Tsai ◽  
Peng Xu ◽  
Liang-Jiao Xue ◽  
Hao Hu ◽  
Batbayar Nyamdari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Sulfur Assimilation ◽  
Syringyl Lignin ◽  
Metabolic Adaptations ◽  
Thiol Redox ◽  
Guaiacyl Lignin ◽  
Lignin Biosynthetic Pathway

AbstractThe lignin biosynthetic pathway is highly conserved in angiosperms, yet pathway manipulations give rise to a variety of taxon-specific outcomes. Knockout of lignin-associated 4-coumarate:CoA ligases (4CLs) in herbaceous species mainly reduces guaiacyl (G) lignin and enhances cell wall saccharification. Here we show that CRISPR-knockout of 4CL1 in Populus tremula × alba preferentially reduced syringyl (S) lignin, with negligible effects on biomass recalcitrance. Concordant with reduced S-lignin was downregulation of ferulate 5-hydroxylases (F5Hs). Lignification was largely sustained by 4CL5, a low-affinity paralog of 4CL1 typically with only minor xylem expression or activity. Levels of caffeate, the preferred substrate of 4CL5, increased in line with significant upregulation of caffeoyl shikimate esterase1. Upregulation of caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase1 and downregulation of F5Hs are consistent with preferential funneling of 4CL5 products toward G-lignin biosynthesis at the expense of S-lignin. Thus, transcriptional and metabolic adaptations to 4CL1-knockout appear to have enabled 4CL5 catalysis at a level sufficient to sustain lignification. Finally, genes involved in sulfur assimilation, the glutathione-ascorbate cycle and various antioxidant systems were upregulated in the mutants, suggesting cascading responses to perturbed thioesterification in lignin biosynthesis.One sentence summaryKnockout of lignin-associated 4CL1 in Populus reveals a 4CL5-dependent, caffeate-modulated compensatory pathway for lignification with links to thiol redox balance and sulfur assimilation.

scholarly journals Nanoselenium Transformation And Inhibition of Cadmium Accumulation By Regulating The Lignin Biosynthetic Pathway And Plant Hormone Signal Transduction In Pepper Plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Li ◽  
Chunran Zhou ◽  
Jinling Ma ◽  
Yangliu Wu ◽  
Lu Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cadmium Accumulation ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Plant Signal Transduction ◽  
Lignin Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Pepper Plants

Abstract Selenium (Se) can promote the growth and resistance of agricultural crops as fertilizers, while the role of nano-selenium (nano-Se) against Cd remains unclear in pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.). Biofortification with nano-Se observably restored Cd stress by decreasing the level of Cd in plant tissues and boosting the accumulation in biomass. The Se compounds transformed by nano-Se were primarily in the form of SeMet and MeSeCys in pepper tissues. Differential metabolites and the genes of plant signal transduction and lignin biosynthesis were measured by employing transcriptomics and determining target metabolites. The number of lignin-related genes (PAL, CAD, 4CL, and COMT) and contents of metabolites (sinapyl alcohol, phenylalanine, p-coumaryl alcohol, caffeyl alcohol, and coniferaldehyde) were remarkably enhanced by treatment with Cd1Se0.2, thus, maintaining the integrity of cell walls in the roots. It also enhanced signal transduction by plant hormones and responsive resistance by inducing the biosynthesis of genes (BZR1, LOX3, and NCDE1) and metabolites (brassinolide, abscisic acid, and jasmonic acid) in the roots and leaves. In general, this study can enable a better understanding of the protective mechanism of nano-Se in improving the capacity of plants to resist environmental stress.

scholarly journals Nanoselenium transformation and inhibition of cadmium accumulation by regulating the lignin biosynthetic pathway and plant hormone signal transduction in pepper plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Li ◽  
Chunran Zhou ◽  
Jinling Ma ◽  
Yangliu Wu ◽  
Lu Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cadmium Accumulation ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Plant Signal Transduction ◽  
Lignin Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Pepper Plants

AbstractSelenium (Se) can promote the growth and resistance of agricultural crops as fertilizers, while the role of nano-selenium (nano-Se) against Cd remains unclear in pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.). Biofortification with nano-Se observably restored Cd stress by decreasing the level of Cd in plant tissues and boosting the accumulation in biomass. The Se compounds transformed by nano-Se were primarily in the form of SeMet and MeSeCys in pepper tissues. Differential metabolites and the genes of plant signal transduction and lignin biosynthesis were measured by employing transcriptomics and determining target metabolites. The number of lignin-related genes (PAL, CAD, 4CL, and COMT) and contents of metabolites (sinapyl alcohol, phenylalanine, p-coumaryl alcohol, caffeyl alcohol, and coniferaldehyde) were remarkably enhanced by treatment with Cd1Se0.2, thus, maintaining the integrity of cell walls in the roots. It also enhanced signal transduction by plant hormones and responsive resistance by inducing the biosynthesis of genes (BZR1, LOX3, and NCDE1) and metabolites (brassinolide, abscisic acid, and jasmonic acid) in the roots and leaves. In general, this study can enable a better understanding of the protective mechanism of nano-Se in improving the capacity of plants to resist environmental stress.

Caffeoyl Shikimate Esterase (CSE) Is an Enzyme in the Lignin Biosynthetic Pathway in Arabidopsis

Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 341 (6150) ◽  
pp. 1103-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Vanholme ◽  
Igor Cesarino ◽  
Katarzyna Rataj ◽  
Yuguo Xiao ◽  
Lisa Sundin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Metabolite Profiling ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Secondary Cell Walls ◽  
Phenolic Metabolite ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Lignin Biosynthetic Pathway

Lignin is a major component of plant secondary cell walls. Here we describe caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) as an enzyme central to the lignin biosynthetic pathway. Arabidopsis thaliana cse mutants deposit less lignin than do wild-type plants, and the remaining lignin is enriched in p-hydroxyphenyl units. Phenolic metabolite profiling identified accumulation of the lignin pathway intermediate caffeoyl shikimate in cse mutants as compared to caffeoyl shikimate levels in the wild type, suggesting caffeoyl shikimate as a substrate for CSE. Accordingly, recombinant CSE hydrolyzed caffeoyl shikimate into caffeate. Associated with the changes in lignin, the conversion of cellulose to glucose in cse mutants increased up to fourfold as compared to that in the wild type upon saccharification without pretreatment. Collectively, these data necessitate the revision of currently accepted models of the lignin biosynthetic pathway.

scholarly journals The Simultaneous Repression of CCR and CAD, Two Enzymes of the Lignin Biosynthetic Pathway, Results in Sterility and Dwarfism in Arabidopsis thaliana

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanne Thévenin ◽  
Brigitte Pollet ◽  
Bruno Letarnec ◽  
Luc Saulnier ◽  
Lionel Gissot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Lignin Biosynthetic Pathway

scholarly journals Systematic Analysis and Biochemical Characterization of the Caffeoyl Shikimate Esterase Gene Family in Poplar

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 13366
Author(s):  
Xuechun Wang ◽  
Nan Chao ◽  
Aijing Zhang ◽  
Jiaqi Kang ◽  
Xiangning Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
A Genome

Caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) hydrolyzes caffeoyl shikimate into caffeate and shikimate in the phenylpropanoid pathway. In this study, we performed a systematic analysis of the CSE gene family and investigated the possible roles of CSE and CSE-like genes in Populus. We conducted a genome-wide analysis of the CSE gene family, including functional and phylogenetic analyses of CSE and CSE-like genes, using the poplar (Populus trichocarpa) genome. Eighteen CSE and CSE-like genes were identified in the Populus genome, and five phylogenetic groups were identified from phylogenetic analysis. CSEs in Group Ia, which were proposed as bona fide CSEs, have probably been lost in most monocots except Oryza sativa. Primary functional classification showed that PoptrCSE1 and PoptrCSE2 had putative function in lignin biosynthesis. In addition, PoptrCSE2, along with PoptrCSE12, might also respond to stress with a function in cell wall biosynthesis. Enzymatic assay of PoptoCSE1 (Populus tomentosa), -2 and -12 showed that PoptoCSE1 and -2 maintained CSE activity. PoptoCSE1 and 2 had similar biochemical properties, tissue expression patterns and subcellular localization. Most of the PoptrCSE-like genes are homologs of AtMAGL (monoacylglycerol lipase) genes in Arabidopsis and may function as MAG lipase in poplar. Our study provides a systematic understanding of this novel gene family and suggests the function of CSE in monolignol biosynthesis in Populus.

scholarly journals Adaptation of bacteria to glyphosate: a microevolutionary perspective of the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miia J. Rainio ◽  
Suvi Ruuskanen ◽  
Marjo Helander ◽  
Kari Saikkonen ◽  
Irma Saloniemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Shikimate Pathway ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Epsp Synthase

ABSTRACTGlyphosate is the leading herbicide worldwide, but it also affects prokaryotes because it targets the central enzyme (EPSPS) of the shikimate pathway in the synthesis of the three essential aromatic amino acids in autotrophs. Our results reveal that bacteria easily become resistant to glyphosate through changes in the EPSPS active site. This indicates the importance of examining how glyphosate affects microbe-mediated ecosystem functions and human microbiomes.

Multiform biosynthetic pathway of syringyl lignin in angiosperms

Planta ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 216 (3) ◽  
pp. 496-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuchika Yamauchi ◽  
Seiichi Yasuda ◽  
Katsuyoshi Hamada ◽  
Yuji Tsutsumi ◽  
Kazuhiko Fukushima
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Syringyl Lignin
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