Processing of Airborne Green Leaf Volatiles for Their Glycosylation in the Exposed Plants

Green leaf volatiles (GLVs), the common constituents of herbivore-infested plant volatiles (HIPVs), play an important role in plant defense and function as chemical cues to communicate with other individuals in nature. Reportedly, in addition to endogenous GLVs, the absorbance of airborne GLVs emitted by infested neighboring plants also play a major role in plant defense. For example, the exclusive accumulation of (Z)-3-hexenyl vicianoside in the HIPV-exposed tomato plants occurs by the glycosylation of airborne (Z)-3-hexenol (Z3HOL); however, it is unclear how plants process the other absorbed GLVs. This study demonstrates that tomato plants dominantly accumulated GLV–glycosides after exposure to green leaf alcohols [Z3HOL, (E)-2-hexenol, and n-hexanol] using non-targeted LC–MS analysis. Three types of green leaf alcohols were independently glycosylated without isomerization or saturation/desaturation. Airborne green leaf aldehydes and esters were also glycosylated, probably through converting aldehydes and esters into alcohols. Further, we validated these findings in Arabidopsis mutants- (Z)-3-hexenal (Z3HAL) reductase (chr) mutant that inhibits the conversion of Z3HAL to Z3HOL and the acetyl-CoA:(Z)-3-hexen-1-ol acetyltransferase (chat) mutant that impairs the conversion of Z3HOL to (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate. Exposure of the chr and chat mutants to Z3HAL accumulated lower and higher amounts of glycosides than their corresponding wild types (Col-0 and Ler), respectively. These findings suggest that plants process the exogenous GLVs by the reductase(s) and the esterase(s), and a part of the processed GLVs contribute to glycoside accumulation. Overall, the study provides insights into the understanding of the communication of the plants within their ecosystem, which could help develop strategies to protect the crops and maintain a balanced ecosystem.

Download Full-text

Review of recent advances on the production and eco-physiological roles of green leaf volatiles

Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1258.2013.00027 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 268-275

Author(s):

Hai-Feng SUN ◽

Zhen-Yu LI ◽

Bin WU ◽

Xue-Mei QIN

Keyword(s):

Green Leaf Volatiles ◽

Green Leaf ◽

Leaf Volatiles ◽

Recent Advances

Download Full-text

Effects of simulated acid rain on the activity of antioxidant enzyme and the emission of induced green leaf volatiles in Phyllostachys pubescens

Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1258.2014.00084 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (8) ◽

pp. 897-904

Author(s):

GUO Hui-Yuan ◽

◽

MA Yuan-Dan ◽

WANG Dan ◽

ZUO Zhao-Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acid Rain ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme ◽

Green Leaf Volatiles ◽

Simulated Acid Rain ◽

Green Leaf ◽

Phyllostachys Pubescens ◽

Leaf Volatiles

Download Full-text

Effects of Abiotic Factors on HIPV-Mediated Interactions between Plants and Parasitoids

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/342982 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Christine Becker ◽

Nicolas Desneux ◽

Lucie Monticelli ◽

Xavier Fernandez ◽

Thomas Michel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Volatiles ◽

Global Climate ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Biotic Interactions ◽

Green Leaf Volatiles ◽

Limited Attention ◽

Emission Rates ◽

Leaf Volatiles ◽

Parasitic Hymenoptera ◽

Growing Conditions

In contrast to constitutively emitted plant volatiles (PV), herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPV) are specifically emitted by plants when afflicted with herbivores. HIPV can be perceived by parasitoids and predators which parasitize or prey on the respective herbivores, including parasitic hymenoptera. HIPV act as signals and facilitate host/prey detection. They comprise a blend of compounds: main constituents are terpenoids and “green leaf volatiles.” Constitutive emission of PV is well known to be influenced by abiotic factors like temperature, light intensity, water, and nutrient availability. HIPV share biosynthetic pathways with constitutively emitted PV and might therefore likewise be affected by abiotic conditions. However, the effects of abiotic factors on HIPV-mediated biotic interactions have received only limited attention to date. HIPV being influenced by the plant’s growing conditions could have major implications for pest management. Quantitative and qualitative changes in HIPV blends may improve or impair biocontrol. Enhanced emission of HIPV may attract a larger number of natural enemies. Reduced emission rates or altered compositions, however, may render blends imperceptible to parasitoides and predators. Predicting the outcome of these changes is highly important for food production and for ecosystems affected by global climate change.

Download Full-text

Verbenone and Green-Leaf Volatiles Reduce Whitebark Pine Mortality in a Northern Range-Expanding Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreak

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2021-0120 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Etienne Cardinal ◽

Brenda Shepherd ◽

Jodie Krakowski ◽

Carl James Schwarz ◽

John Stirrett-Wood

Keyword(s):

Mountain Pine Beetle ◽

Green Leaf Volatiles ◽

Green Leaf ◽

Whitebark Pine ◽

White Pine Blister Rust ◽

Leaf Volatiles ◽

Disease Resistant ◽

Mountain Pine ◽

Pine Beetle ◽

Pine Trees

This is the first study testing effectiveness of semiochemical treatments to protect individual trees from a range-expanding mountain pine beetle (MPB, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) attack into newly exposed host populations of endangered whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelmann). We investigated the effectiveness of a combination of verbenone and Green-Leaf Volatiles (GLV) to protect rare and valuable disease-resistant trees during a MPB epidemic from 2015 to 2018 in Jasper National Park, Canada. Treatments reduced the proportion of trees attacked by MPB for all diameter classes, across all stands, from 46 to 60%. We also evaluated the effect of the exotic disease white pine blister rust (caused by the fungus Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch), the species’ other main regional threat. MPB were less likely to attack large, rust infected trees than healthy trees, emphasizing the value of the semiochemical treatment. Protecting large, cone-bearing disease-resistant whitebark pine trees is fundamental to whitebark pine recovery. Maintaining reproductive trees on the landscape increases the frequency and diversity of rust-resistant genotypes more effectively than just planting seedlings to replace MPB-killed trees, because this slow-growing species takes over 80 years to reproduce. Our study confirmed protecting large rust-resistant trees with verbenone and GLV is a proactive and effective treatment against MPB for whitebark pine in naïve populations.

Download Full-text