scholarly journals The Four Deadly Sins of Implicit Attitude Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey W. Sherman ◽  
Samuel A. W. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Response To Intervention ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Formal Modeling ◽  
Implicit Attitude ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Attitude Research ◽  
Methodological Problems

In this article, we describe four theoretical and methodological problems that have impeded implicit attitude research and the popular understanding of its findings. The problems all revolve around assumptions made about the relationships among measures (indirect vs. versus direct), constructs (implicit vs. explicit attitudes), cognitive processes (e.g., associative vs. propositional), and features of processing (automatic vs. controlled). These assumptions have confused our understandings of exactly what we are measuring, the processes that produce implicit evaluations, the meaning of differences in implicit evaluations across people and contexts, the meaning of changes in implicit evaluations in response to intervention, and how implicit evaluations predict behavior. We describe formal modeling as one means to address these problems, and provide illustrative examples. Clarifying these issues has important implications for our understanding of who has particular implicit evaluations and why, when those evaluations are likely to be particularly problematic, how we might best try to change them, and what interventions are best suited to minimize the effects of implicit evaluations on behavior.

Categorization and Prediction of Crimes of Passion Based on Attitudes Toward Violence

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (15) ◽  
pp. 1775-1790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muzhen Guan ◽  
Xiaojing Li ◽  
Wei Xiao ◽  
Danmin Miao ◽  
Xufeng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Implicit Attitude ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Crimes Of Passion ◽  
Attitudes Toward Violence ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Attitudes

The present study explored implicit and explicit attitudes toward violence in crimes of passion. Criminals ( n = 96) who had perpetrated crimes of passion and students ( n = 100) participated in this study. Explicit attitudes toward violence were evaluated using the Abnormal Personality Risk Inventory (APRI), and implicit attitude toward violence was evaluated using the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Results indicated that APRI scores of the perpetrators were significantly higher than that of the control group ( p < .05), suggesting that explicit attitudes toward violence could discriminate between the criminals and the control group. There was a significant IAT effect demonstrating a negative implicit attitude toward violence in both the control group and in the criminals ( n = 68); whereas there was a significant IAT effect manifesting a positive implicit attitude toward violence in the criminals ( n = 16) only. These results suggest that combining explicit and implicit attitudes could provide an empirical classification of crimes of passion.

Revisiting Discrepancy Theory in Learning Disabilities: What Went Wrong and Why We Should Go Back

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Callinan ◽  
Everarda Cunningham ◽  
Stephen Theiler
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Response To Intervention ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Baseline Measure ◽  
Discrepancy Theory ◽  
Discrepancy Method ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
Iq Tests ◽  
Identification Procedures

The rise in popularity of Response to Intervention (RTI) as a method of identifying Learning Disabilities (LD) is partially due to the psychometric and theoretical issues inherent to the use of IQ tests in the once popular discrepancy method of identification. However, both RTI and discrepancy theories have their shortcomings, and criticisms directed at either method are usually applicable to both. This conceptual article puts forward a justification for using tests of the cognitive processes that are implicated in LD as a better method of LD identification. Although the unsuitability of the discrepancy method to accurately identify LD students is well established, it does represent the construct of LD well. Therefore, the discrepancy method can be used as an effective baseline measure against which improved identification procedures based on cognitive processes can be measured. Once these cognitive processes are more clearly defined, tests of these processes offer promise for LD identification.

The Dominance of Associative Theorizing in Implicit Attitude Research: Propositional and Behavioral Alternatives

2011 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Hughes ◽  
Dermot Barnes-Holmes ◽  
Jan De Houwer
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Attitude ◽  
Attitude Research

scholarly journals Sociaalpsychologische methodes als nieuwe meettechnieken in taalattitudeonderzoek?

1970 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 25-39
Author(s):  
Laura Rosseel ◽  
Dirk Geeraerts ◽  
Dirk Speelman
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Implicit Attitude ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Attitude Research ◽  
Attitude Measures ◽  
Language Attitude ◽  
The 1960S

Since the 1960s, language attitude research has known little methodological innovation.In social psychology, by contrast, a number of new implicit attitude measures haverecently been developed. We suggest to take inspiration from social psychology to bringnew methods to linguistic attitude research. In this paper, we give a succinct introductionto quantitative implicit attitude research in linguistics and social psychology. As an illustrationof the new methods developed in the latter, we discuss the Implicit AssociationTest (Greenwald et al. 1998) and its potential for linguistic attitude research.

Measuring language attitudes in context: Exploring the potential of the Personalized Implicit Association Test

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-461
Author(s):  
Laura Rosseel ◽  
Dirk Speelman ◽  
Dirk Geeraerts
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Language Attitudes ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Implicit Measurement ◽  
Attitude Research ◽  
Language Attitude ◽  
Informal Settings

AbstractAfter decades of relative methodological stagnation, language attitude research is witnessing an influx of new experimental methods originally developed in social psychology. One such measure is the Personalized Implicit Association Test (P-IAT), a reaction-time-based method that measures the association between two concepts. The P-IAT has been used successfully to measure language attitudes, yet presents a number of challenges, like the fact that it measures attitudes void of linguistic or interactional context. This article aims to address that challenge and introduces a contextualized version of the P-IAT, which was used alongside an explicit measurement to explore attitudes towards varieties of Dutch in formal vs. informal settings. While the explicit attitudes show the expected pattern of preference for the standard variety in formal contexts, results from the implicit measurement are not as clear-cut. We discuss potential explanations for these findings and reflect on consequences for future sociolinguistic research using the P-IAT. (Personalized Implicit Association Test (P-IAT), context dependence of language attitudes, sociolinguistics)*

The Role of Implicit Nationality Preference in Speaker Evaluations in the Multilingual Context of Montreal

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-304
Author(s):  
Tessa E. Lehnert ◽  
Thomas Hörstermann
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Implicit Attitude ◽  
National Group ◽  
Model Transferability ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Border Regions ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Primary Predictor

Multilingual contexts in cross-border regions are characterized by a high number of inhabitants making use of various languages depending on the context. A language that a person speaks thus cannot be used as indicator of national group membership, which highlights the need for a distinction. The present study aimed to transfer an adapted model positing language and nationality attitudes as distinct factors of speaker evaluations, both on an explicit and implicit level, to the context of Montreal. Explicit attitudes were assumed to primarily affect explicit speaker evaluations, whereas implicit attitudes were expected to be the primary predictor of implicit speaker evaluations. Results primarily confirmed the distinctness of language and nationality concepts on an implicit attitude level. Moreover, the crucial role of nationality preference on an implicit level was highlighted: Quebecers’ implicit nationality attitudes affected implicit preferences for the Quebec nation suggesting affirmation of model transferability.

scholarly journals Video Games and Attitude Change: A Meta-analysis

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukáš Kolek ◽  
Ivan Ropovik ◽  
Vit Sisler ◽  
Herre van Oostendorp ◽  
Cyril Brom
Keyword(s):  
Video Games ◽  
Attitude Change ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
The Other ◽  
Implicit Attitude ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Game Mechanics ◽  
The Impact

Despite extensive research on attitudes and a rapid growth of the video game market, there is currently no meta-analysis mapping the link between narrative video games and attitude change. Here, we present such meta-analysis. The findings suggest that narrative video games affect players’ attitudes towards the topics depicted in games. This effect was present in studies focused on changes in both implicit (g = 0.36, k = 18) and explicit attitudes (g = 0.24, k = 101), with longer intervention duration and game mechanics such as stereotyping and meaningful feedback resulting in larger implicit attitude change. Regarding the robustness of the underlying evidence, half of the included studies were judged to be at high risk of bias. On the other hand, the impact of publication bias in this literature was found to be negligible. Altogether, this meta-analysis provides evidence that video games shape how we think about events they represent.

scholarly journals Intergroup Contact and Implicit Racial Attitudes: Contact is Related to Less Activation of Biased Evaluations but is Unrelated to Bias Inhibition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Richard Rae ◽  
Nils Karl Reimer ◽  
Jimmy Calanchini ◽  
Calvin K. Lai ◽  
Andrew M Rivers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Racial Attitudes ◽  
Intergroup Contact ◽  
Implicit Attitude ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Total N ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Attitude Measures ◽  
Majority Groups

Two preregistered studies examined whether, why, and for whom intergroup contact is associated with more egalitarian implicit racial attitudes. Performance on implicit attitude measures depends on both the activation of group-relevant evaluations (e.g., positive ingroup and negative outgroup evaluations) and the inhibition of those evaluations. We used the Quad model to estimate the contributions of spontaneous evaluation and inhibition processes in the race attitude Implicit Association Test. In large samples of White and Black Americans (total N = 10,000), we tested which cognitive processes were related to respondents' contact experiences and whether respondent race moderated these relationships. Results showed that intergroup contact was associated with less activation of both negative outgroup evaluations and positive ingroup evaluations, but not with the inhibition of those evaluations. Respondent race did not moderate these associations. Our findings help explain the cognitive processes by which contact experiences improve implicit attitudes in minority and majority groups.

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