The Superficial Anastomosing Veins of the Human Brain Cortex: A Microneurosurgical Anatomical Study

Introduction: In this microneurosurgical and anatomical study, we characterized the superficial anastomosing veins of the human brain cortex in human specimens.Material and Methods: We used 21 brain preparations fixed in formalin (5%) that showed no pathological changes and came from the autopsy sections. The superficial veins were dissected out of the arachnoid with the aid of a surgical microscope.Results: We dissected nine female and 12 male brain specimens, with an average age of 71 ± 11 years (range 51–88 years). We classified the superficial veins in five types: (I) the vein of Trolard as the dominat vein; (II) the vein of Labbé as the dominant vein; (III) a dominant sylvian vein group, and the veins of Trolard and Labbé nonexistent or only rudimentary present without contact to the Sylvian vein group; (IV) very weak sylvian veins with the veins of Trolard and Labbé codominant; and V) direct connection of Trolard and Labbé bypassing the Sylvian vein group. The vein of Trolard was dominant (Type I) in 21.4% and the vein of Labbé (Type II) in 16.7%. A dominant sylvian vein group (Type III) was found in 42.9%. Type IV and Type V were found in 14.3 and 4.7% respectively.Conclusion: No systematic description or numerical distribution of the superior anastomotic vein (V. Trolard) and inferior anastomotic vein (V. Labbé) has been found in the existing literature. This study aimed to fill this gap in current literature and provide data to neurosurgeons for the practical planning of surgical approaches.

Download Full-text

Cytotoxic and complement-fixing activity of rabbit antisera against rat and human brain cortex and white matter

Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine ◽

10.1007/bf00803008 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 81 (6) ◽

pp. 873-874

Author(s):

G. A. Belokrylov ◽

Yu. L. Zhitnukhin

Keyword(s):

White Matter ◽

Human Brain ◽

Brain Cortex ◽

Human Brain Cortex

Download Full-text

Intraoperative Monitoring of Local Hb-Oxygenation in Human Brain Cortex

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology - Oxygen Transport to Tissue XVI ◽

10.1007/978-1-4615-1875-4_86 ◽

1994 ◽

pp. 483-489 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jens Höper ◽

Michael R. Gaab

Keyword(s):

Human Brain ◽

Intraoperative Monitoring ◽

Brain Cortex ◽

Human Brain Cortex

Download Full-text

Dimensional Changes in Lipid Rafts from Human Brain Cortex Associated to Development of Alzheimer’s Disease. Predictions from an Agent-Based Mathematical Model

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms222212181 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (22) ◽

pp. 12181

Author(s):

Guido Santos ◽

Mario Díaz

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Mathematical Model ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Human Brain ◽

Lipid Rafts ◽

Brain Cortex ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Senile Plaques ◽

Amyloid Β ◽

Human Brain Cortex

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by abnormal functioning of critical physiological processes in nerve cells and aberrant accumulation of protein aggregates in the brain. The initial cause remains elusive—the only unquestionable risk factor for the most frequent variant of the disease is age. Lipid rafts are microdomains present in nerve cell membranes and they are known to play a significant role in the generation of hallmark proteinopathies associated to AD, namely senile plaques, formed by aggregates of amyloid β peptides. Recent studies have demonstrated that human brain cortex lipid rafts are altered during early neuropathological phases of AD as defined by Braak and Braak staging. The lipid composition and physical properties of these domains appear altered even before clinical symptoms are detected. Here, we use a coarse grain molecular dynamics mathematical model to predict the dimensional evolution of these domains using the experimental data reported by our group in human frontal cortex. The model predicts significant size and frequency changes which are detectable at the earliest neuropathological stage (ADI/II) of Alzheimer’s disease. Simulations reveal a lower number and a larger size in lipid rafts from ADV/VI, the most advanced stage of AD. Paralleling these changes, the predictions also indicate that non-rafts domains undergo simultaneous alterations in membrane peroxidability, which support a link between oxidative stress and AD progression. These synergistic changes in lipid rafts dimensions and non-rafts peroxidability are likely to become part of a positive feedback loop linked to an irreversible amyloid burden and neuronal death during the evolution of AD neuropathology.

Download Full-text