scholarly journals Crystalloid and Colloid Compositions and Their Impact

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke Rudloff ◽  
Kate Hopper
Keyword(s):  
Critical Illness ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Plasma Composition ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Organ Systems

This manuscript will review crystalloid (hypo-, iso-, and hyper-tonic) and colloid (synthetic and natural) fluids that are available for intravenous administration with a focus on their electrolyte, acid-base, colligative, and rheological effects as they relate to each solution's efficacy and safety. The goal is for the reader to better understand the differences between each fluid and the influence on plasma composition, key organ systems, and their implications when used therapeutically in animals with critical illness.

Acid-base balance and plasma composition in the aestivating lungfish (Protopterus)

1977 ◽  
Vol 232 (1) ◽  
pp. R10-R17 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. DeLaney ◽  
S. Lahiri ◽  
R. Hamilton ◽  
P. Fishman
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Plasma Composition ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Plasma Bicarbonate ◽  
Arterial Ph ◽  
Base Balance

Upon entering into aestivation, Protopterus aethiopicus develops a respiratory acidosis. A slow compensatory increase in plasma bicarbonate suffices only to partially restore arterial pH toward normal. The cessation of water intake from the start of aestivation results in hemoconcentration and marked oliguria. The concentrations of most plasma constituents continue to increase progressively, and the electrolyte ratios change. The increase in urea concentration is disproportionately high for the degree of dehydration and constitutes an increasing fraction of total plasma osmolality. Acid-base and electrolyte balance do not reach a new equilibrium within 1 yr in the cocoon.

Pathophysiology of septic shock

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Litell ◽  
Nathan I. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Critical Illness ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Systemic Reaction ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Host Recognition ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Septic Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Organ Failures ◽  
Infectious Source

The pathophysiology of sepsis is the result of a dysregulated host response to infection. Interactions between conserved pathogenic signals and host recognition systems initiate a systemic reaction to local infection. Pro- and anti-inflammatory intermediates and associated coagulatory abnormalities lead to altered macrovascular, microvascular, and mitochondrial function. Uncorrected, these processes yield similar patterns of failure in multiple organ systems. Mortality increases with successive organ failures. Although commonly thought to be a manifestation of impaired renal circulation, septic acute kidney injury may be due primarily to non-haemodynamic factors. Pulmonary parenchymal dysfunction in sepsis also contributes to failures in other organ systems. Sepsis involves complex alterations in myocardial function, vascular tone, and capillary integrity, which are mediated by elevated concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species, among others. Gut hypomotility and translocation of enteric flora likely contribute to a persistent inflammatory response. This perpetuates the pathophysiological pattern of sepsis, and can lead to the delayed onset of these features in patients with other types of critical illness. The neurological manifestations of sepsis include acquired delirium, which is also probably due to circulatory and inflammatory abnormalities, as well as alterations in cerebral amino acid metabolism. Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency and derangements in glucose metabolism are among the endocrine abnormalities commonly seen in septic patients. Restoration of homeostasis requires early haemodynamic resuscitation and aggressive infectious source control.

The Efficacy and Safety of Continuous Intravenous Administration of Remifentanil for Birth Pain Relief: An Open Study of 205 Parturients

2009 ◽  
Vol 109 (6) ◽  
pp. 1922-1924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola D’Onofrio ◽  
Anna Maria Melani Novelli ◽  
Federico Mecacci ◽  
Gianfranco Scarselli
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Open Study ◽  
Efficacy And Safety

Renal Acid–Base

2019 ◽  
pp. 165-178
Author(s):  
Olakunle Idowu
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Critical Care ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Normal Blood Pressure ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Diagnostic Modalities

The renal system plays a critical role in maintaining normal blood pressure, acid–base and electrolyte balance, volume status, and clearance of metabolites. Impairments to kidney function directly affect all other organ systems and have significant implications for morbidity in the critical care setting. Understanding renal disease, it treatment and its replacement is imperative to effectively managing patients in the intensive care unit. This chapter focuses on diagnostic modalities for assessing renal function, acid–base disorders, infection, and electrolyte abnormalities. Here, the authors also focuses on differentiating prerenal, intrinsic renal, and postrenal causes of acute kidney failure, strategies for prevention, and the various forms of dialysis.

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