Impact of Acid-Base Disorders on Different Organ Systems

2009 ◽  
pp. 599-606
Author(s):  
Kyle J. Gunnerson
Keyword(s):  
Acid Base ◽  
Organ Systems

Renal Acid–Base

2019 ◽  
pp. 165-178
Author(s):  
Olakunle Idowu
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Critical Care ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Normal Blood Pressure ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Diagnostic Modalities

The renal system plays a critical role in maintaining normal blood pressure, acid–base and electrolyte balance, volume status, and clearance of metabolites. Impairments to kidney function directly affect all other organ systems and have significant implications for morbidity in the critical care setting. Understanding renal disease, it treatment and its replacement is imperative to effectively managing patients in the intensive care unit. This chapter focuses on diagnostic modalities for assessing renal function, acid–base disorders, infection, and electrolyte abnormalities. Here, the authors also focuses on differentiating prerenal, intrinsic renal, and postrenal causes of acute kidney failure, strategies for prevention, and the various forms of dialysis.

Acid-Base Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Chen ◽  
Jason Primus ◽  
Colin Martin
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Alkalosis ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Proton Donor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Proton Acceptor ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Mixed Acid ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Homeostatic Mechanisms

This review is a summary of the acid-base physiology that is essential to understanding acid-base pathophysiology. An acid is defined as a proton donor; a base is defined as a proton acceptor. The body fluids are composed of acids and bases, which are tightly regulated by our organ systems, specifically the respiratory system and kidneys. Derangements in the body’s acid-base homeostatic mechanisms or overloading the capacity of the body’s ability to respond can lead to acid-base disorders. These include acidosis and alkalosis, which can be further classified into respiratory, metabolic, or mixed disorders. The approach to these disorders is to stabilize the patient, focusing on respiratory and circulatory status and treating the underlying cause of the acid-base derangement. This review contains 4 highly rendered figures, 2 tables, and 26 references. Key words: acid-base disorders, acid-base homeostasis, acid-base physiology, acidemia, alkalemia, metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, mixed acid-base disorders, respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis 

Acid-Base Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Chen ◽  
Jason Primus ◽  
Colin Martin
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Alkalosis ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Proton Donor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Proton Acceptor ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Mixed Acid ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Homeostatic Mechanisms

This review is a summary of the acid-base physiology that is essential to understanding acid-base pathophysiology. An acid is defined as a proton donor; a base is defined as a proton acceptor. The body fluids are composed of acids and bases, which are tightly regulated by our organ systems, specifically the respiratory system and kidneys. Derangements in the body’s acid-base homeostatic mechanisms or overloading the capacity of the body’s ability to respond can lead to acid-base disorders. These include acidosis and alkalosis, which can be further classified into respiratory, metabolic, or mixed disorders. The approach to these disorders is to stabilize the patient, focusing on respiratory and circulatory status and treating the underlying cause of the acid-base derangement. This review contains 4 highly rendered figures, 2 tables, and 26 references. Key words: acid-base disorders, acid-base homeostasis, acid-base physiology, acidemia, alkalemia, metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, mixed acid-base disorders, respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis   

scholarly journals Crystalloid and Colloid Compositions and Their Impact

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke Rudloff ◽  
Kate Hopper
Keyword(s):  
Critical Illness ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Plasma Composition ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Organ Systems

This manuscript will review crystalloid (hypo-, iso-, and hyper-tonic) and colloid (synthetic and natural) fluids that are available for intravenous administration with a focus on their electrolyte, acid-base, colligative, and rheological effects as they relate to each solution's efficacy and safety. The goal is for the reader to better understand the differences between each fluid and the influence on plasma composition, key organ systems, and their implications when used therapeutically in animals with critical illness.

Impact of acid-base disorders on individual organ systems

1998 ◽  
pp. 313-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Forrest ◽  
Keith R. Walley ◽  
James A. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Acid Base ◽  
Organ Systems

Bicarbonate and Chloride Equilibrium and Acid-Base Balance in the Neonate

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Normal Serum ◽  
The Body ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium ◽  
The Face ◽  
Base Balance

MAINTENANCE OF ACID-BASE equilibrium in the neonate is a challenge in the face of illness or prematurity. Neonatal growth and development and the proper functioning of all organ systems of the body are dependent on maintaining a normal serum pH. Neonates encounter in the normal transitional period many stresses that can cause acid-base imbalance. In addition, premature neonates are more susceptible to acid-base imbalance because their compensatory responses are limited. Factors associated with acid-base imbalance seen in the newborn period include respiratory distress, sepsis, hypovolemia, perinatal stressors, and prematurity.1–4

On Future Directions in Pathology

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 274-277
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Trump ◽  
Irene K. Berezesky ◽  
Raymond T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Many

The role of electron microscopy and associated techniques is assured in diagnostic pathology. At the present time, most of the progress has been made on tissues examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with light microscopy (LM) and by cytochemistry using both plastic and paraffin-embedded materials. As mentioned elsewhere in this symposium, this has revolutionized many fields of pathology including diagnostic, anatomic and clinical pathology. It began with the kidney; however, it has now been extended to most other organ systems and to tumor diagnosis in general. The results of the past few years tend to indicate the future directions and needs of this expanding field. Now, in addition to routine EM, pathologists have access to the many newly developed methods and instruments mentioned below which should aid considerably not only in diagnostic pathology but in investigative pathology as well.

Microprobe analysis of inclusion bodies related to two benzofuran derivatives

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 672-673
Author(s):  
T. L. Benning ◽  
P. Ingram ◽  
J. D. Shelburne
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
High Dose ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Dense Inclusion ◽  
Melanin Complex

Two benzofuran derivatives, chlorpromazine and amiodarone, are known to produce inclusion bodies in human tissues. Prolonged high dose chlorpromazine therapy causes hyperpigmentation of the skin with electron-dense inclusion bodies present in dermal histiocytes and endothelial cells ultrastructurally. The nature of the deposits is not known although a drug-melanin complex has been hypothesized. Amiodarone may also cause cutaneous hyperpigmentation and lamellar lysosomal inclusion bodies have been demonstrated within the cells of multiple organ systems. These lamellar bodies are believed to be the product of an amiodarone-induced phospholipid storage disorder. We performed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (EDXA) on tissue samples from patients treated with these drugs, attempting to detect the sulfur atom of chlorpromazine and the iodine atom of amiodarone within their respective inclusion bodies.A skin biopsy from a patient with hyperpigmentation due to prolonged chlorpromazine therapy was fixed in 4% glutaraldehyde and processed without osmium tetroxide or en bloc uranyl acetate for Epon embedding.

Quick Reference: Chapter 1: The Musculoskeletal System: The Hand and Upper Extremity

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 4-5
Keyword(s):  
Dorsal Column ◽  
Persistent Pain ◽  
Illness Behavior ◽  
Abnormal Illness Behavior ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Spinal Cord Dorsal ◽  
Objective Basis ◽  
Dorsal Column Stimulation ◽  
Underlying Pathology

Abstract Spinal cord (dorsal column) stimulation (SCS) and intraspinal opioids (ISO) are treatments for patients in whom abnormal illness behavior is absent but who have an objective basis for severe, persistent pain that has not been adequately relieved by other interventions. Usually, physicians prescribe these treatments in cancer pain or noncancer-related neuropathic pain settings. A survey of academic centers showed that 87% of responding centers use SCS and 84% use ISO. These treatments are performed frequently in nonacademic settings, so evaluators likely will encounter patients who were treated with SCS and ISO. Does SCS or ISO change the impairment associated with the underlying conditions for which these treatments are performed? Although the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) does not specifically address this question, the answer follows directly from the principles on which the AMA Guides impairment rating methodology is based. Specifically, “the impairment percents shown in the chapters that consider the various organ systems make allowance for the pain that may accompany the impairing condition.” Thus, impairment is neither increased due to persistent pain nor is it decreased in the absence of pain. In summary, in the absence of complications, the evaluator should rate the underlying pathology or injury without making an adjustment in the impairment for SCS or ISO.

Impairment Rating and Spinal Cord Injuries: Revisiting the Guides

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Richard T. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Impairment Ratings

Abstract This article addresses some criticisms of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) by comparing previously published outcome data from a group of complete spinal cord injury (SCI) persons with impairment ratings for a corresponding level of injury calculated using the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition. Results of the comparison show that impairment ratings using the sixth edition scale poorly with the level of impairments of activities of daily living (ADL) in SCI patients as assessed by the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) motor scale and the extended FIM motor scale. Because of the combinations of multiple impairments, the AMA Guides potentially overrates the impairment of paraplegics compared with that of quadriplegics. The use and applicability of the Combined Values formula should be further investigated, and complete loss of function of two upper extremities seems consistent with levels of quadriplegia using the SCI model. Some aspects of the AMA Guides contain inconsistencies. The concept of diminishing impairment values is not easily translated between specific losses of function per organ system and “overall” loss of ADLs involving multiple organ systems, and the notion of “catastrophic thresholds” involving multiple organ systems may support the understanding that variations in rating may exist in higher rating cases such as those that involve an SCI.

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