scholarly journals Long Term Soil Gas Monitoring as Tool to Understand Soil Processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 8653
Author(s):  
Martin Maier ◽  
Valentin Gartiser ◽  
Alexander Schengel ◽  
Verena Lang

Soils provide many functions as they represent a habitat for flora and fauna, supply water, nutrient, and anchorage for plant growth and more. They can also be considered as large bioreactors in which many processes occur that involve the consumption and production of different gas species. Soils can be a source and sink for greenhouse gases. During the last decades this topic attracted special attention. Most studies on soil-atmosphere gas fluxes used chamber methods or micro-meteorological methods. Soil gas fluxes can also be calculated from vertical soil gas profiles which can provide additional insights into the underlying processes. We present a design for sampling and measuring soil gas concentration profiles that was developed to facilitate long term monitoring. Long term monitoring requires minimization of the impact of repeated measurements on the plot and also minimization of the routine workload while the quality of the measurement needs to be maintained continuously high. We used permanently installed gas wells that allowed passive gas sampling at different depths. Soil gas monitoring set ups were installed on 13 plots at 6 forest sites in South West Germany between 1998 and 2010. Until now, soil gas was sampled monthly and analysed for CO2, N2O, CH4, O2, N2, Ar, and C2H4 using gas chromatography. We present typical time series and profiles of soil gas concentrations and fluxes of a selected site as an example. We discuss the effect of different calculation approaches and conclude that flux estimates of O2, CO2 and CH4 can be considered as highly reliable, whereas N2O flux estimates include a higher uncertainty. We point out the potential of the data and suggest ideas for future research questions for which soil gas monitoring would provide the ideal data basis. Combining and linking the soil gas data with additional environmental data promises new insights and understanding of soil processes.

2018 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 04006
Author(s):  
Jana Pasáčková

Since decreasing level of knowledge of mathematics is the problem at universities, not only in the Czech Republic, we try to define some reasons for that between our students from different secondary schools. The paper discusses the results of the examinations in mathematics at the university in the Czech Republic. The aim is focused on the differences between the scores of students from different secondary schools. We compare the results of two tests which students have to pass during the semester. In addition, we compare the impact of introducing a new subject called “Math seminar”. This seminar should help students to complete their knowledge of topics from mathematics of secondary schools. We observe the improvement of students who passed the Math seminar. We observe the impact of passing the school-leaving exam from mathematics as well. We would like to consider this as a part of a long-term monitoring of students in this study programme and re-analyze unsuccessful students after they pass the course “Math seminar”.


2016 ◽  
Vol 249 ◽  
pp. 73-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Suchánek ◽  
Kateřina Hájková

This report deals with long term monitoring of durability properties of concrete using different weight doses of various kinds of additions. Particularly limestone, silica fume as a 50% suspension and blast furnace slag were used. Even though the basic recipe is based on the designed concrete, all the fresh concrete was made with a free-fall concrete mixer in the laboratory. This report deals with long-term monitoring of cement concrete surface resistance to water and defrosting chemicals (achieved 475 cycles). The article also describes results of following tests: determination of concrete frost resistance, depth of water penetration under pressure and depth of chloride penetration. Standard tests of fresh and hardened concrete specimens complement the experiment.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (225) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Sudnik ◽  
◽  
Irina Voznyachuk

The article provides data on the results of long-term monitoring of the state of vegetation along the main highways of Belarus, caused by environmental pollution in roadside strips with deicing reagents based on sodium chloride in winter in combination with a set of other negative factors (exhaust gases from mobile sources of pollution, changes in environmental conditions, extreme manifestations of weather and climatic factors).


1988 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 177-180
Author(s):  
Klaus Reinsch

Professional solar astronomy concentrates on the study of the atmosphere and interior of the Sun. Little attention is given to “classical” programmes, mainly statistical investigations of solar activity. Although the main properties of phenomena associated with the solar cycle seem to be understood there are still enough details to be explained, making it worthwhile monitoring different indicators of solar activity, even if no immediate results are to be expected. Such routine observations are ideal work of amateur astronomers.Members of West German local astronomical societies founded the journal Sonne in 1977 to combine their efforts on solar observations. The first issue was presented at a conference on amateur solar observation held in Berlin in April 1977. Sonne is compiled by an editorial staff of 23 amateurs from all over West Germany, and is distributed among nearly 500 readers in 20 countries. With the increasing number of foreign readers, the main articles in Sonne are provided with English abstracts.


2019 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryota Nakajima ◽  
Chong Chen ◽  
Ryoichi Iwase ◽  
Hiroyuki Yamamoto ◽  
Katsunori Fujikura

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