Evaluation of HRCLDAS and ERA5 Datasets for Near-Surface Wind over Hainan Island and South China Sea

Near-surface wind data are particularly important for Hainan Island and the South China Sea, and there is a wide range of wind data sources. A detailed understanding of the reliability of these datasets can help us to carry out related research. In this study, the hourly near-surface wind data from the High-Resolution China Meteorological Administration (CMA) Land Data Assimilation System (HRCLDAS) and the fifth-generation ECMWF atmospheric reanalysis data (ERA5) were evaluated by comparison with the ground automatic meteorological observation data for Hainan Island and the South China Sea. The results are as follows: (1) the HRCLDAS and ERA5 near-surface wind data trend was basically the same as the observation data trend, but there was a smaller bias, smaller root-mean-square errors, and higher correlation coefficients between the near-surface wind data from HRCLDAS and the observations; (2) the quality of HRCLDAS and ERA5 near-surface wind data was better over the islands of the South China Sea than over Hainan Island land. However, over the coastal areas of Hainan Island and island stations near Sansha, the quality of the HRCLDAS near-surface wind data was better than that of ERA5; (3) the quality of HRCLDAS near-surface wind data was better than that of ERA5 over different types of landforms. The deviation of ERA5 and HRCLDAS wind speed was the largest along the coast, and the quality of the ERA5 wind direction data was poorest over the mountains, whereas that of HRCLDAS was poorest over hilly areas; (4) the accuracy of HRCLDAS at all wind levels was higher than that of ERA5. ERA5 significantly overestimated low-grade winds and underestimated high-grade winds. The accuracy of HRCLDAS wind ratings over the islands of the South China Sea was significantly higher than that over Hainan Island land, especially for the higher wind ratings; and (5) in the typhoon process, the simulation of wind by HRCLDAS was closer to the observations, and its simulation of higher wind speeds was more accurate than the ERA5 simulations.

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Response of Coastal Upwelling East of Hainan Island in the South China Sea to Sudden Impact and Long-Term Variability of Atmospheric Forcing

Estuaries and Coastal Zones - Dynamics and Response to Environmental Changes ◽

10.5772/intechopen.88828 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lingling Xie ◽

Mingming Li

Keyword(s):

South China Sea ◽

South China ◽

Coastal Upwelling ◽

Hainan Island ◽

The South China Sea ◽

Atmospheric Forcing ◽

The South ◽

China Sea

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Nuclear weapons complicate South China Sea disputes

Emerald Expert Briefings ◽

10.1108/oxan-db209601 ◽

2016 ◽

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

South China Sea ◽

South China ◽

Hainan Island ◽

The United States ◽

The Philippines ◽

The South China Sea ◽

The South ◽

Content Type ◽

China Sea

Significance However, China's navy already has an operational sea-based nuclear deterrent based on Hainan Island. The deployment of nuclear-armed submarines, and their need to reach the mid-Pacific to threaten the continental United States, makes the South China Sea an arena not just of maritime disputes but of US-China military rivalry. Impacts The strategic importance of the Philippines, Taiwan and Singapore to the United States will increase. A new defence agreement with the Philippines will, as of last month, support US military activities in the area. Washington will encourage greater Japanese involvement in the South China Sea; as long as Shinzo Abe is prime minister, Japan will oblige.

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Seasonal Variability of Waves Within the Indonesian Seas and Its Relation With the Monsoon Wind

ILMU KELAUTAN Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences ◽

10.14710/ik.ijms.26.3.189-196 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 189-196

Author(s):

Purwanto Purwanto ◽

Denny Nugroho Sugianto ◽

Muhammad Zainuri ◽

Galuh Permatasari ◽

Warsito Atmodjo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South China Sea ◽

South China ◽

Wind Wave ◽

Surface Wind ◽

The South China Sea ◽

The South ◽

Indonesian Seas ◽

China Sea ◽

Arafura Sea ◽

Monsoon Wind

The previous studies have simulated the variability of the wave within the Indonesian seas which showed that the variability of wave follows the seasonal pattern. However, their analysis only consider the influence of local wind forcings. The bias and error of their simulated wave were also unclear. In the present study, we investigate the variability of wave within the Indonesian seas and its relation with the surface wind speed using the combination of reanalysis and remote sensing data with high accuracies. We split the analysis into swell and wind wave to obtain the influence of local and remote wind forcings. We show that at the inner seas (i.e., the South China Sea, Java Sea, Flores Sea, Banda Sea and Arafura Sea), the variability of significant wave height (SWH) is majorly influenced by the variability of the speed of monsoon wind. The maximum SWH during Northwest monsoon (NWM) season is located at the South China Sea while during Southeast monsoon (SEM) season is at Arafura Sea. This indicates that the wind wave (sea) is dominant at the inner seas. At the open seas (i.e., Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean) the variability of SWH less corresponds to the the speed of monsoon wind. The remote wind forcings control the wave variability in the open ocean area. This indicates that swell is dominant at the open seas. In general, the magnitude of SWHswell is also more than SWHsea within the Indonesian seas.

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Recognizing two newHippolytespecies (Decapoda, Caridea, Hippolytidae) from the South China Sea based on integrative taxonomy

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.6605 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. e6605 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zhi-Bin Gan ◽

Xin-Zheng Li

Keyword(s):

South China Sea ◽

Phylogenetic Tree ◽

South China ◽

Hainan Island ◽

The South China Sea ◽

The South ◽

Xisha Islands ◽

West Pacific ◽

China Sea ◽

The Third

Hippolyteshrimps exhibit abundant biological diversity and display great ecological significance in seaweed bed ecosystems. Dozens ofHippolytespecimens were collected from Hainan Island and the Xisha Islands in the South China Sea. Detailed examination indicates that some of these specimens represent newHippolytespecies. Based on morphological, genetic, and ecological data,Hippolyte chaceisp. nov. andH. nanhaiensissp. nov. are described.H. chaceisp. nov. was collected from theSargassumsp. biotope in Hainan Island and is distinguished from congeners by its unique mandible and the dactylus of the third to fifth pereiopods; this species has a basal position in the Indo-West Pacific species clade in the phylogenetic tree which is reconstructed based on 16S rRNA gene.H. nanhaiensissp. nov. was collected from the biotopes ofGalaxaurasp. orHalimedasp. in the Xisha Islands, and it differs from congeners in a series of characters associated with rostrum, scaphocerite, antennular peduncle, and spines on the dactylus of the third to fifth pereiopods. Additionally, it is sister toH. australiensisin the phylogenetic tree. A key to identifying mature femaleHippolytespecies of the Indo-West Pacific and neighboring seas is provided.

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Seasonal and spatial variations of cladocerans on the northwest continental shelf of the South China Sea

Crustaceana ◽

10.1163/156854012x636742 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 85 (4-5) ◽

pp. 473-496 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lan-Lan Xiong ◽

Jian-Qiang Yin ◽

Liang-Min Huang ◽

Kai-Zhi Li ◽

Shu-Min Lian

Keyword(s):

South China Sea ◽

Continental Shelf ◽

South China ◽

Hainan Island ◽

The South China Sea ◽

The South ◽

Leizhou Peninsula ◽

China Sea ◽

Seasonal And Spatial Variations ◽

Inshore Waters

The seasonal and spatial variations of cladocerans were studied based on samples collected with 169 μm mesh plankton nets from July to August 2006 (summer), December 2006 to January 2007 (winter), and in April 2007 (spring) on the northwestern continental shelf of the South China Sea. Three species of cladocerans (Pseudevadne tergestina, Penilia avirostris, and Podon schmackeri) were observed. Cladocerans occur in spring and summer, but not in winter. They showed an average abundance of 12.82 (± 48.44) inds m−3 in spring and 64.66 (± 188.82) inds m−3 in summer. P. avirostris occurred in the inshore waters of the Leizhou Peninsula during spring, but in summer they were found in large number along the inshore waters from Leizhou Peninsula to the southeast of Hainan Island, with the highest abundance (1121.50 inds m−3). P. tergestina was the most dominant species both in spring and summer, being widely distributed throughout the whole surveyed area. P. schmackeri was distributed mainly along the inshore waters of the Leizhou Peninsula during spring, and mainly along the inshore waters of Hainan Island during the summer (with low density). Our results suggest that the unstable water environment resulting from the strong northeastern monsoon in winter may explain the absence of cladocerans in a large area of the northwest continental shelf of the South China Sea. High chlorophyll a concentration owing to physical factors (e.g., cold eddy, coastal upwelling and mixing) may be the main reason for the difference in the spatial distribution of cladocerans in the subtropical and tropical areas of our survey.

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