Specification and Evaluation of Plasticizer Migration Simulants for Human Blood Products: A Delphi Study

Potentially toxic plasticizers are commonly added to polyvinyl chloride medical devices for transfusion in order to improve their flexibility and workability. As the plasticizers are not chemically bonded to the PVC, they can be released into labile blood products (LBPs) during storage. Ideally, LBPs would be used in laboratory studies of plasticizer migration from the medical device. However, short supply (i.e., limited stocks of human blood in collection centres) has prompted the development of specific simulants for each type of LBP in the evaluation of new transfusion devices. We performed a Delphi study with a multidisciplinary panel of 24 experts. In the first (qualitative) phase, the panel developed consensus definitions of the specification criteria to be met by each migration simulant. Next, we reviewed the literature on techniques for simulating the migration of plasticizers into LBPs. A questionnaire was elaborated and sent out to the experts, and the replies were synthesized in order to obtain a consensus. The qualitative study established specifications for each biological matrix (whole blood, red blood cell concentrate, plasma, and platelet concentrate) and defined the criteria required for a suitable LBP simulant. Ten criteria were suggested: physical and chemical characteristics, opacity, form, stability, composition, ability to mimic a particular clinical situation, ease and safety of use, a simulant–plastic interaction correlated with blood, and compatibility with analytical methods. The questionnaire data revealed a consensus on the use of natural products (such as pig’s blood) to mimic the four LBPs. Opinions diverged with regard to synthetic products. However, an isotonic solution and a rheological property modifier were considered to be of value in the design of synthetic simulants. Consensus reached by the Delphi group could be used as a database for the development of simulants used to assess the migration of plasticizers from PVC bags into LBPs.

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Safety of human blood products in rare bleeding disorders in southeast of Iran

Haemophilia ◽

10.1111/hae.12068 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. e90-e92 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

M. Naderi ◽

P. Eshghi ◽

E. Saneei Moghaddam ◽

SH. Alizadeh ◽

A. Dorgalaleh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Blood ◽

Bleeding Disorders ◽

Blood Products

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Laboratory studies of oil-washing characteristics of surfactants in the pore space of reservoir rocks

Oil and Gas Studies ◽

10.31660/0445-0108-2020-6-86-98 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 86-98

Author(s):

V. Yu. Ogoreltsev ◽

S. A. Leontiev ◽

A. S. Drozdov

Keyword(s):

Oil Recovery ◽

Pore Space ◽

Oil Field ◽

Oil Fields ◽

Molecular Surface ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Reservoir Rocks ◽

Technological Efficiency ◽

Chemical Eor ◽

Physical And Chemical

When developing hard-to-recover reserves of oil fields, methods of enhanced oil recovery, used from chemical ones, are massively used. To establish the actual oil-washing characteristics of surfactant grades accepted for testing in the pore space of oil-containing reservoir rocks, a set of laboratory studies was carried out, including the study of molecular-surface properties upon contact of oil from the BS10 formation of the West Surgutskoye field and model water types with the addition of surfactants of various concentrations, as well as filtration tests of surfactant technology compositions on core models of the VK1 reservoir of the Rogozhnikovskoye oil field. On the basis of the performed laboratory studies of rocks, it has been established that conducting pilot operations with the use of Neonol RHP-20 will lead to higher technological efficiency than from the currently used at the company's fields in the compositions of the technologies of physical and chemical EOR Neonol BS-1 and proposed for application of Neftenol VKS, Aldinol-50 and Betanol.

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Studies on the Physical and Chemical Behavior of Oil and Dispersant Mixtures

International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings ◽

10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-419 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 1991 (1) ◽

pp. 419-426 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Mervin Fingas ◽

Ian Bier ◽

Mark Bobra ◽

Sandra Callaghan

Keyword(s):

Polar Compounds ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Oil Composition ◽

Oil Viscosity ◽

Oil Dispersant ◽

Action Mechanisms ◽

Several Variables ◽

Dispersant Effectiveness ◽

Physical And Chemical

ABSTRACT Laboratory studies on dispersant effectiveness were conducted to assess the effects of several variables and to determine the action mechanisms of dispersants. The variables examined were temperature, salinity, and dispersant quantity. Dispersant effectiveness was measured as a function of the five oil bulk components: asphaltenes, aromatics, polar compounds, saturate compounds, and waxes. The effect of water temperature variation is logarithmically correlated with dispersant effectiveness. With regard to salinity, effectiveness is at a peak when salinity is about 40%c (parts per thousand) of typical commercial dispersant formulations and falls to nearly 0 as salinity decreases to 0. Effectiveness also falls to 0 as salinity rises from 40 to 80%o. This behavior is explained by the necessity for a certain level of ionic strength to stabilize the surfactant between the oil droplet and the water. Dispersant quantity was also found to be an important factor. Dispersant-to-oil ratios greater than about 1:40 or 1:60 result in very low dispersant effectiveness. Effectiveness is logarithmic with respect to dispersant-to-oil ratio. Dispersion experiments wee conducted to investigate the effects of oil composition. Dispersant effectiveness is positively and strongly correlated with the saturate concentration in the oil and is negatively correlated with aromatic, asphaltene, and polar compound contents of the oil. Dispersant effectiveness is only weakly correlated with oil viscosity. Dispersant effectiveness is primarily limited by oil composition.

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