scholarly journals Reviewing the Effects of Skin Manipulations on Adult Newt Limb Regeneration: Implications for the Subcutaneous Origin of Axial Pattern Formation

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1426
Author(s):  
Martin Miguel Casco-Robles ◽  
Kayo Yasuda ◽  
Kensuke Yahata ◽  
Fumiaki Maruo ◽  
Chikafumi Chiba

Newts are unique salamanders that can regenerate their limbs as postmetamorphic adults. In order to regenerate human limbs as newts do, it is necessary to determine whether the cells homologous to those contributing to the limb regeneration of adult newts also exist in humans. Previous skin manipulation studies in larval amphibians have suggested that stump skin plays a pivotal role in the axial patterning of regenerating limbs. However, in adult newts such studies are limited, though they are informative. Therefore, in this article we have conducted skin manipulation experiments such as rotating the skin 180° around the proximodistal axis of the limb and replacing half of the skin with that of another location on the limb or body. We found that, contrary to our expectations, adult newts robustly regenerated limbs with a normal axial pattern regardless of skin manipulation, and that the appearance of abnormalities was stochastic. Our results suggest that the tissue under the skin, rather than the skin itself, in the intact limb is of primary importance in ensuring the normal axial pattern formation in adult newt limb regeneration. We propose that the important tissues are located in small areas underlying the ventral anterior and ventral posterior skin.

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 726-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Liversage

Various regulatory factors are required in epimorphic regeneration of an adult newt limb. These factors (namely, amputational injury, the wound and apical epithelium, nerves (mitogenic agents), hormones (the hormonal milieu), bioelectric fields, probably the immune system, and possibly cyclic nucleotides and heretofore unknown regulators) act in concert and contribute to the developing microenvironment of the regenerate in support of normal regrowth and differentiation.


2005 ◽  
Vol 279 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Vinarsky ◽  
Donald L. Atkinson ◽  
Tamara J. Stevenson ◽  
Mark T. Keating ◽  
Shannon J. Odelberg

2016 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 276-280
Author(s):  
Kaoru Nomura ◽  
Yasushi Tanimoto ◽  
Fumio Hayashi ◽  
Erisa Harada ◽  
Xiao-Yuan Shan ◽  
...  

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 1835-1837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R Scadding

While the effects of exogenous retinoids on amphibian limb regeneration have been studied extensively, the role of endogenous retinoids is not clear. Hence, I wished to investigate the role of endogenous retinoic acid during axolotl limb regeneration. Citral is a known inhibitor of retinoic acid synthesis. Thus, I treated regenerating limbs of the larval axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum with citral. The result of this inhibition of retinoic acid synthesis was that limb regeneration became extremely irregular and hypomorphic, with serious pattern defects, or was inhibited altogether. I conclude that endogenous retinoic acid plays an important role in pattern formation during limb regeneration.


1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 1795-1796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R Scadding ◽  
Andrew Burns

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether there were any asymmetries in the vascularization of the limb-regeneration blastema in the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, that might be related to pattern formation, and to determine if retinoic acid could modify the vascular patterns of the blastema. We used acrylic casts of the vascular system of the limbs to assess the pattern of vascularization. We observed a very regular symmetrical arrangement of capillaries in the limb-regeneration blastema that did not appear to be modified by doses of retinoic acid sufficient to modify the limb pattern.


Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 1397-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.G. Simon ◽  
C.J. Tabin

Adult urodele amphibians can regenerate their limbs and tail. Based on their roles in other developing systems, Hox genes are strong candidates for genes that play a role in regulating pattern formation during regeneration. There are four homologous clusters of Hox genes in vertebrate genomes. We isolated cDNA clones of two newt homeobox genes from homologous positions within two Hox clusters; Hox-4.5 and Hox-3.6. We used RNase protection on nonamputated (normal) and regenerating newt appendages and tissue to compare their transcriptional patterns. Both genes show increased expression upon amputation with similar kinetics. Hox-4.5 and Hox-3.6 transcription is limited to the mesenchymal cells in the regenerates and is not found in the epithelial tissue. In addition to regenerating appendages, both genes are transcriptionally active in adult kidney of the newt. Striking differences were found in the regulation of Hox-4.5 and Hox-3.6 when they were compared in unamputated limbs and in regenerating forelimbs versus regenerating hindlimbs. Hox-4.5 is expressed in the blastema of regenerating fore- and hindlimbs, but Hox-4.5 transcripts are not detectable in normal limbs. In contrast, Hox-3.6 transcripts are found exclusively in posterior appendages, but are present in normal as well as regenerating hindlimbs and tails. Hox-4.5 is also expressed at a higher level in proximal (mid-humerus) regenerates than in distal ones (mid-radius). When we proximalized the positional memory of a distal blastema with retinoic acid, we find that the early expression level of Hox-4.5 is also proximalized. When the expression of these genes is compared to the expression of two previously reported newt Hox genes, a consistent pattern emerges, which can be interpreted in terms of differential roles for the different Hox clusters in determining regenerative limb morphology.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document