scholarly journals Cytomegalovirus Infection in Infancy May Increase the Risk of Subsequent Epilepsy and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Childhood

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1040
Author(s):  
Chien-Heng Lin ◽  
I.-Ching Chou ◽  
Inn-Chi Lee ◽  
Syuan-Yu Hong
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cmv Infection ◽  
Infection Group ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Life Threatening

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous virus, and CMV-associated diseases range from mild illness in immunologically normal hosts to life-threatening diseases in newborns and immunocompromised children. This study investigated the association between childhood CMV infection and subsequent epilepsy or neurodevelopmental disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A retrospective analysis was performed on data for 69 children with confirmed CMV infections (CMV infection group) and 292 patients with other infections (control group) between 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2012. The results indicated that the CMV infection group had a higher risk of epilepsy in comparison to the control (odds ratio (OR), 16.4; 95% CI (confidence interval), 3.32–80.7; p = 0.001). Epilepsy risk increased in younger children (age 0–2) with CMV infection when compared to the control group (OR, 32.6; 95% CI, 3.84–276; p = 0.001). The ASD risk was also determined to be higher in the CMV infection group (OR, 17.9; 95% CI, 1.96–162; p = 0.01). The ADHD risk between the groups was not significant. This study suggests that CMV infection in infancy may increase the risk of subsequent epilepsy and ASD, especially in infants younger than 2 years, but is not associated with ADHD.

scholarly journals LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA EN JÓVENES CON DIFICULTADES DE APRENDIZAJE

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 469
Author(s):  
Sara Suáerz-Manzano
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Work Memory ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract.PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN YOUNG PEOPLE WITH LEARNING DIFFICULTIESThe majority of children and adolescents diagnosed as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) show learning difficulties. The results obtained by several studies show the positive effect of Physical Activity (PA) in these students. In this paper we intend to know the immediate effect of PA on academic (AP) and cognitive (CP) performance. We used four databases (PubMed, SportDiscus, Web of Science and SCOPUS), limited study dates to January 2010 – September 2016. Combinations of the terms “physical fitness”, “attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder” , “Autism spectrum disorder” and “adolescent” “children”. From a total of 260 articles, 13 were selected, all of high quality. In all of them, the participants were schoolchildren (6-18 years old) diagnosed with ADHD or ASD. The works measured AP and / or CP variables before and after intervening with a PA program. The sessions used in each study are very diverse, but all used the aerobic PA and at moderate / moderate-vigorous intensity. At the end of the PA program, improvements were observed in the variables of work memory, planning, inhibition and processing speed, compared to the control group and to the pre-intervention measurements. Therefore, we conclude that ADHD and ASD students with learning disabilities who practice PA consistently improve their AP and CP levels.Key words: Academic Performance, Cognitive Performance, Physical Exercise programResumen.La mayor parte de los niños y adolescentes diagnosticados como Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDAH) o Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) muestran dificultades de aprendizaje. Los resultados obtenidos por diversos estudios muestran el efecto positivo de la Actividad Física (AF) en estos escolares. En este trabajo pretendemos conocer el efecto inmediato de la AF sobre el rendimiento académico (RA) y cognitivo (RC). Se consultaron cuatro bases de datos (PubMed, SportDiscus, Web of Science and SCOPUS), limitado las fechas de los estudios a enero 2010 – septiembre 2016. Se emplearon combinaciones de los términos: “physical fitness”, “attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder”, “Autism spectrum disorder” y “adolescent” “children”. De un total de 260 artículos, se seleccionaron 13, todos de alta calidad. En todos ellos, los participantes eran escolares (6-18 años) diagnosticados TDAH o TEA. Los trabajos midieron variables de RA y/o RC antes y después de intervenir con un programa de AF. Las sesiones empleadas en cada estudio son muy diversas, pero todas coinciden en que la actividad realizada fue de carácter aeróbico y a una intensidad moderada/moderada-vigorosa. Al finalizar el programa de AF se comprobaron mejoras en las variables dmemoria de trabajo, planificación, inhibición y velocidad de procesamiento, frente al grupo control y respecto a las mediciones previas a la intervención. Por lo tanto, concluimos que los escolares TDAH y TEA con dificultades de aprendizaje que práctica AF de forma sistemática mejoran sus niveles de RA y RC.Palabras clave: Rendimiento Académico, Rendimiento Cognitivo, programa de Ejercicio Físico

scholarly journals Lessons learned: Engaging culturally diverse families in neurodevelopmental disorders intervention research

Autism ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 622-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison B Ratto ◽  
Bruno J Anthony ◽  
Cara Pugliese ◽  
Rocio Mendez ◽  
Jonathan Safer-Lichtenstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
The United States ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

Low-income and ethnic minority families continue to face critical disparities in access to diagnostic and treatment services for neurodevelopmental conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Despite the growing cultural diversity of the United States, ethnic minority children and families continue to be substantially underrepresented across research on neurodevelopmental disorders, and there is a particularly concerning lack of research on the treatment of these conditions in low-income and ethnic minority communities. Of note, there are currently no published studies on adapting autism spectrum disorder treatment for low-income Latino communities and relatively few studies documenting adapted treatments for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in these communities. This article describes methodological considerations and adaptations made to research procedures using a Diffusion of Innovation framework in order to effectively recruit and engage low-income, ethnic minority, particularly Latino, families of children with neurodevelopmental disorders, in a comparative effectiveness trial of two school-based interventions for executive dysfunction.

scholarly journals Alterations in the MicroRNA of the Blood of Autism Spectrum Disorder Patients: Effects on Epigenetic Regulation and Potential Biomarkers

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Vaccaro ◽  
Julia Sorrentino ◽  
Sócrates Salvador ◽  
Tiago Veit ◽  
Diogo Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Environmental Interactions

Aims: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a group of heterogeneous brain-based neurodevelopmental disorders with different levels of symptom severity. Given the challenges, the clinical diagnosis of ASD is based on information gained from interviews with patients’ parents. The heterogeneous pathogenesis of this disorder appears to be driven by genetic and environmental interactions, which also plays a vital role in predisposing individuals to ASD with different commitment levels. In recent years, it has been proposed that epigenetic modifications directly contribute to the pathogenesis of several neurodevelopmental disorders, such as ASD. The microRNAs (miRNAs) comprises a species of short noncoding RNA that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally and have an essential functional role in the brain, particularly in neuronal plasticity and neuronal development, and could be involved in ASD pathophysiology. The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression of blood miRNA in correlation with clinical findings in patients with ASD, and to find possible biomarkers for the disorder. Results: From a total of 26 miRNA studied, seven were significantly altered in ASD patients, when compared to the control group: miR34c-5p, miR92a-2-5p, miR-145-5p and miR199a-5p were up-regulated and miR27a-3p, miR19-b-1-5p and miR193a-5p were down-regulated in ASD patients. Discussion: The main targets of these miRNAs are involved in immunological developmental, immune response and protein synthesis at transcriptional and translational levels. The up-regulation of both miR-199a-5p and miR92a-2a and down-regulation of miR-193a and miR-27a was observed in AD patients, and may in turn affect the SIRT1, HDAC2, and PI3K/Akt-TSC:mTOR signaling pathways. Furthermore, MeCP2 is a target of miR-199a-5p, and is involved in Rett Syndrome (RTT), which possibly explains the autistic phenotype in male patients with this syndrome.

scholarly journals Commentary on… the overlapping and distinct resting functional connectivity between autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

2019 ◽  
Vol 214 (06) ◽  
pp. 345-346
Author(s):  
Chirag Mehra ◽  
Michael Absoud
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Neural Connectivity ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

SummaryAltered neural connectivity in neurodevelopmental disorders is likely subtle, meaning that neuroimaging literature studying development has produced heterogeneous findings. A recent study, published in this issue, illustrates the translational potential of functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging findings as a biomarker for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Importantly, it highlights the overlap between disorders, emphasising the need for transdiagnostic and dimensional approaches in neurodevelopment.Declaration of interestNone.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Autism Spectrum Disorder

2020 ◽  
pp. 158-176
Author(s):  
Karen Bearss ◽  
Aaron J. Kaat
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Functional Impairments ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Delayed Recognition

This chapter will review the available evidence on individuals with co-occurring diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This chapter contends that children diagnosed with both disorders (ASD+ADHD) are a subset of the ASD population that is at risk for delayed recognition of their ASD diagnosis, poor treatment response, and poorer functional outcomes compared to those with ASD without ADHD. Specifically, the chapter highlights the best estimates of the prevalence of the comorbidity, the developmental trajectory of people with co-occurring ASD and ADHD, how ADHD symptoms change across development, overlapping genetic and neurobiological risk factors, psychometrics of ADHD diagnostic instruments in an ASD population, neuropsychological and functional impairments associated with co-occurring ASD and ADHD, and the current state of evidence-based treatment for both ASD and ADHD symptoms. Finally, the chapter discusses fruitful avenues of research for improving understanding of this high-risk comorbidity so that mechanism-to-treatment pathways for ADHD in children with ASD can be better developed.

scholarly journals Medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in individuals with or without coexisting autism spectrum disorder: analysis of data from the Swedish prescribed drug register

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoria Johansson ◽  
Sven Sandin ◽  
Zheng Chang ◽  
Mark J. Taylor ◽  
Paul Lichtenstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Prescribing Patterns ◽  
Adhd Medication ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Drug Register

Abstract Background Clinical studies found that medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is effective in coexisting autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but current research is based on small clinical studies mainly performed on children or adolescents. We here use register data to examine if individuals with ADHD and coexisting ASD present differences in the prescribing patterns of ADHD medication when compared to individuals with pure ADHD. Methods Data with information on filled prescriptions and diagnoses was retrieved from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register and the National Patient Register. We identified 34,374 individuals with pure ADHD and 5012 individuals with ADHD and coexisting ASD, aged between 3 and 80 years. The first treatment episode with ADHD medications (≥ 2 filled prescriptions within 90 days) and daily doses of methylphenidate during a 3-year period was measured. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for the likelihood of being prescribed ADHD medication in individuals with and without ASD and Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare group differences in dose per day. Results Individuals with ADHD and coexisting ASD were less likely to start continuous treatment with ADHD medication (ADHD 80.5%; ADHD with ASD 76.2%; OR, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.75-0.86), were less likely to be prescribed methylphenidate, and were more commonly prescribed second line treatments such as dexamphetamine, amphetamine, or modafinil. No group difference was observed for atomoxetine. In adults with ADHD and coexisting ASD, methylphenidate was prescribed in lower daily doses over three years as compared to individuals with pure ADHD. Conclusions The findings indicate that there are differences in the medical treatment of individuals with or without ASD. If these differences are due to different medication responses in ASD or due to other factors such as clinicians’ perceptions of medication effects in patients with ASD, needs to be further studied.

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