scholarly journals INSM1, a Novel Biomarker for Detection of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Cytopathologists’ View

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2172
Author(s):  
Zahra Maleki ◽  
Akash Nadella ◽  
Mohnish Nadella ◽  
Gopi Patel ◽  
Shivni Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽  
Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Chromogranin A ◽  
Cell Adhesion Molecule ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Neural Cell ◽  
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms ◽  
Neural Cell Adhesion

Background: Insulinoma-associated protein 1 (INSM1) has been considered as a novel immunostain for neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and is hypothesized to be more reliable than first-generation NET biomarkers, such as CGA (chromogranin A), SYP (synaptophysin) and CD56 (neural cell adhesion molecule). In this review, we summarize existing literature on INSM1′s reliability as an immunostain for detection of various NETs, its results in comparison to first-generation NET biomarkers, and its expression in both non-NETs and benign tissues/cells on cytology specimens (cell blocks/smears).

scholarly journals Regulation of Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule Polysialylation: Evidence for Nontranscriptional Control and Sensitivity to an Intracellular Pool of Calcium

1998 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
pp. 1177-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan L. Brusés ◽  
Urs Rutishauser
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Cell Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Calcium Ionophore ◽  
Cytosolic Calcium ◽  
Neural Cell ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Neural Cell Adhesion

The up- and downregulation of polysialic acid–neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA–NCAM) expression on motorneurons during development is associated respectively with target innervation and synaptogenesis, and is regulated at the level of PSA enzymatic biosynthesis involving specific polysialyltransferase activity. The purpose of this study has been to describe the cellular mechanisms by which that regulation might occur. It has been found that developmental regulation of PSA synthesis by ciliary ganglion motorneurons is not reflected in the levels of polysialyltransferase-1 (PST) or sialyltransferase-X (STX) mRNA. On the other hand, PSA synthesis in both the ciliary ganglion and the developing tectum appears to be coupled to the concentration of calcium in intracellular compartments. This study documents a calcium dependence of polysialyltransferase activity in a cell-free assay over the range of 0.1–1 mM, and a rapid sensitivity of new PSA synthesis, as measured in a pulse–chase analysis of tissue explants, to calcium ionophore perturbation of intracellular calcium levels. Moreover, the relevant calcium pool appears to be within a specific intracellular compartment that is sensitive to thapsigargin and does not directly reflect the level of cytosolic calcium. Perturbation of other major second messenger systems, such as cAMP and protein kinase–dependent pathways, did not affect polysialylation in the pulse chase analysis. These results suggest that the shuttling of calcium to different pools within the cell can result in the rapid regulation of PSA synthesis in developing tissues.

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