neural cell
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2022 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary T. Olmsted ◽  
Cinzia Stigliano ◽  
Brandon Marzullo ◽  
Jose Cibelli ◽  
Philip J. Horner ◽  
...  

Neural cell interventions in spinal cord injury (SCI) have focused predominantly on transplanted multipotent neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) for animal research and clinical use due to limited information on survival of spinal neurons. However, transplanted NSPC fate is unpredictable and largely governed by injury-derived matrix and cytokine factors that are often gliogenic and inflammatory. Here, using a rat cervical hemicontusion model, we evaluate the survival and integration of hiPSC-derived spinal motor neurons (SMNs) and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). SMNs and OPCs were differentiated in vitro through a neuromesodermal progenitor stage to mimic the natural origin of the spinal cord. We demonstrate robust survival and engraftment without additional injury site modifiers or neuroprotective biomaterials. Ex vivo differentiated neurons achieve cervical spinal cord matched transcriptomic and proteomic profiles, meeting functional electrophysiology parameters prior to transplantation. These data establish an approach for ex vivo developmentally accurate neuronal fate specification and subsequent transplantation for a more streamlined and predictable outcome in neural cell-based therapies of SCI.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Bleu Knight ◽  
Manasi P. Jogalekar ◽  
Elba E. Serrano

The tubulin protein fulfills a variety of cellular functions that range from chromosomal separation to locomotion. The functional diversity of tubulin is achieved through the expression of specific tubulin isotypes in different cell types or developmental time periods. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of tubulin also are vital for specific intracellular tasks, such as binding and recruiting motor proteins. In neurons, the isotypic expression profile for tubulin is well characterized, and the importance of PTMs for proper neuronal function has gained recent attention due to their implication in neurodegenerative disorders. In contrast, the role of tubulin specializations in the specification of neural cell fate has received minimal attention and studies of tubulin PTMs and isotypes in neuroglia such as astrocytes are relatively few. To bridge this knowledge gap, we undertook an analysis of PTMs in neurons and astrocytes derived from the federally approved H9 hESC-derived human neural stem cell (hNSC) line. In hNSCs, basal cells can be directed to assume neural fate as neurons or astrocytes by specifying different media growth conditions. Immunocytochemical methods, fluorescent antibody probes, and confocal microscopy facilitated image acquisition of fluorescent signals from class III β- tubulin (βIII-tubulin), acetylated tubulin, and polyglutamylated tubulin. Fluorescent probe intensities were assessed with the EBImage package for the statistical programming language R and compared using Student's t-tests. Qualitative analysis indicated that βIII-tubulin, acetylated tubulin, and polyglutamylated tubulin were expressed to some degree in basal hNSCs and their media-differentiated hNSC neuronal and astroglial progeny. In media-differentiated hNSC astrocyte progeny, quantification and statistical analysis of fluorescence probe intensity showed that acetylated tubulin/ βIII-tubulin ratios were greater than the ratio for polyglutamylated tubulin/ βIII-tubulin. These findings represent a snapshot of the dynamic and varied changes tubulin expression profile during the specification of neural cell fate. Results imply that investigations of tubulin PTMs have the potential to advance our understanding of the generation and regeneration of nervous tissue.


Hippocampus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Wang ◽  
Yaling Deng ◽  
Lihong Cao ◽  
Jiahong Zhang ◽  
Lei Yang

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Liu ◽  
Xinyang Yu ◽  
Xiaohong Dai ◽  
Wei Zou ◽  
Xueping Yu ◽  
...  

To study the effect of scalp acupuncture (SA) on the mitophagy signaling pathway in the caudate nucleus of Sprague-Dawley rats following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). An ICH model was established by injecting autologous arterial blood into the caudate nucleus in 200 male Sprague-Dawley rats, which were divided into five groups: sham, ICH, 3-methyladenine group (3-MA, 30 mg/kg), SA, and SA+3-MA. Animals were analyzed at 6 and 24 h as well as at 3 and 7 days. Composite neurological scale score was significantly higher in the SA group than in the ICH group. Transmission electron microscopy showed less structural damage and more autophagic vacuoles within brain in the SA group than in the ICH group. SA group showed higher levels of Beclin1, Parkin, PINK1, NIX protein, and a lower level of Caspase-9 in brain tissue. These animals consequently showed less neural cell apoptosis. Compared with the SA group, however, the neural function score and levels of mitophagy protein in the SA+3-MA group were decreased, neural cell apoptosis was increased with more severe structural damage, which suggested that 3-MA may antagonize the protective effect of SA on brain in rats with ICH. SA may mitigate the neurologic impairment after ICH by enhancing mitophagy and reducing apoptosis.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Bianca Fagan Bissacotti ◽  
Priscila Marquezan Copetti ◽  
Nathieli Bianchin Bottari ◽  
Samanta da Silva Gündel ◽  
Alencar Kolinski Machado ◽  
...  

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2172
Author(s):  
Zahra Maleki ◽  
Akash Nadella ◽  
Mohnish Nadella ◽  
Gopi Patel ◽  
Shivni Patel ◽  
...  

Background: Insulinoma-associated protein 1 (INSM1) has been considered as a novel immunostain for neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and is hypothesized to be more reliable than first-generation NET biomarkers, such as CGA (chromogranin A), SYP (synaptophysin) and CD56 (neural cell adhesion molecule). In this review, we summarize existing literature on INSM1′s reliability as an immunostain for detection of various NETs, its results in comparison to first-generation NET biomarkers, and its expression in both non-NETs and benign tissues/cells on cytology specimens (cell blocks/smears).


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