scholarly journals Part-of-Speech Tagging with Rule-Based Data Preprocessing and Transformer

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Hongwei Li ◽  
Hongyan Mao ◽  
Jingzi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Data Preprocessing ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Part Of Speech Tagging ◽  
Pos Tagging ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Novel Approach

Part-of-Speech (POS) tagging is one of the most important tasks in the field of natural language processing (NLP). POS tagging for a word depends not only on the word itself but also on its position, its surrounding words, and their POS tags. POS tagging can be an upstream task for other NLP tasks, further improving their performance. Therefore, it is important to improve the accuracy of POS tagging. In POS tagging, bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) is commonly used and achieves good performance. However, Bi-LSTM is not as powerful as Transformer in leveraging contextual information, since Bi-LSTM simply concatenates the contextual information from left-to-right and right-to-left. In this study, we propose a novel approach for POS tagging to improve the accuracy. For each token, all possible POS tags are obtained without considering context, and then rules are applied to prune out these possible POS tags, which we call rule-based data preprocessing. In this way, the number of possible POS tags of most tokens can be reduced to one, and they are considered to be correctly tagged. Finally, POS tags of the remaining tokens are masked, and a model based on Transformer is used to only predict the masked POS tags, which enables it to leverage bidirectional contexts. Our experimental result shows that our approach leads to better performance than other methods using Bi-LSTM.

scholarly journals PENENTUAN KELAS KATA PADA PART OF SPEECH TAGGING KATA AMBIGU BAHASA INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Ahmad Subhan Yazid ◽  
Agung Fatwanto
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Part Of Speech Tagging ◽  
Pos Tagging ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Ambiguous Words ◽  
Computer Science Faculty ◽  
Speech Tagging ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

Indonesian hold a fundamental role in the communication. There is ambiguous problem in its machine learning implementation. In the Natural Language Processing study, Part of Speech (POS) tagging has a role in the decreasing this problem. This study use the Rule Based method to determine the best word class for ambiguous words in Indonesian. This research follows some stages: knowledge inventory, making algorithms, implementation, Testing, Analysis, and Conclusions. The first data used is Indonesian corpus that was developed by Language department of Computer science Faculty, Indonesia University. Then, data is processed and shown descriptively by following certain rules and specification. The result is a POS tagging algorithm included 71 rules in flowchart and descriptive sentence notation. Refer to testing result, the algorithm successfully provides 92 labeling of 100 tested words (92%). The results of the implementation are influenced by the availability of rules, word class tagsets and corpus data.

scholarly journals Amazigh part-of-speech tagging with machine learning and deep learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 1814
Author(s):  
Otman Maarouf ◽  
Rachid El Ayachi ◽  
Mohamed Biniz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Tree ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Conditional Random Fields ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Part Of Speech Tagging ◽  
Pos Tagging ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
French And English ◽  
Speech Tagging

Natural language processing (NLP) is a part of artificial intelligence that dissects, comprehends, and changes common dialects with computers in composed and spoken settings. At that point in scripts. Grammatical features part-of-speech (POS) allow marking the word as per its statement. We find in the literature that POS is used in a few dialects, in particular: French and English. This paper investigates the attention-based long short-term memory (LSTM) networks and simple recurrent neural network (RNN) in Tifinagh POS tagging when it is compared to conditional random fields (CRF) and decision tree. The attractiveness of LSTM networks is their strength in modeling long-distance dependencies. The experiment results show that LSTM networks perform better than RNN, CRF and decision tree that has a near performance.

scholarly journals Part-of-Speech Tagging via Deep Neural Networks for Northern-Ethiopic Languages

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-494
Author(s):  
Jurgita Kapočiūtė-Dzikienė ◽  
Senait Gebremichael Tesfagergish
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Parameter Tuning ◽  
Feed Forward Neural Network ◽  
Pos Tagging ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Pos Tagger

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have proven to be especially successful in the area of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Part-Of-Speech (POS) tagging—which is the process of mapping words to their corresponding POS labels depending on the context. Despite recent development of language technologies, low-resourced languages (such as an East African Tigrinya language), have received too little attention. We investigate the effectiveness of Deep Learning (DL) solutions for the low-resourced Tigrinya language of the Northern-Ethiopic branch. We have selected Tigrinya as the testbed example and have tested state-of-the-art DL approaches seeking to build the most accurate POS tagger. We have evaluated DNN classifiers (Feed Forward Neural Network – FFNN, Long Short-Term Memory method – LSTM, Bidirectional LSTM, and Convolutional Neural Network – CNN) on a top of neural word2vec word embeddings with a small training corpus known as Nagaoka Tigrinya Corpus. To determine the best DNN classifier type, its architecture and hyper-parameter set both manual and automatic hyper-parameter tuning has been performed. BiLSTM method was proved to be the most suitable for our solving task: it achieved the highest accuracy equal to 92% that is 65% above the random baseline.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Part of Speech Tagging Berbasis Aturan dan Distribusi Probabilitas Maximum Entropy untuk Bahasa Jawa Krama

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hafiz Ridha Pramudita ◽  
Ema Utami ◽  
Armadyah Amborowati
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Part Of Speech Tagging ◽  
Pos Tagging ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Speech Tagging ◽  
Local Languages

Abstract. Javanese language is one of the local languages in Indonesia, which is used by most of the population of Indonesia. The language has complex grammar to embrace the values of decency that is determined by the use of words containing courtesy known as Raos Alus. Every word in the Javanese belongs to a certain part of speech like what happens to other languages. Part of Speech (POS) tagging is a process to set syntactic category in a word such as nouns, verbs, or adjectives to every word in the document or text. This study examined the POS Tagging with Maximum Entropy and Rule Based for Javanese Krama—Higher Javanese--by using the Open NLP library to measure the maximum entropy. The results obtained are Maximum Entropy and Rule Based can be used for POS Tagging on Javanese Krama with the highest accuracy of 97.67%.Keywords: POS Tagging, NLP, Maximum Entropy, Rule Based, Javanese Krama LanguageAbstrak. Bahasa Jawa merupakan salah satu bahasa daerah di Indonesia yang dipakai oleh sebagian besar penduduk Indonesia. Bahasa Jawa memiliki tata bahasa yang kompleks karena menganut nilai-nilai kesopanan yang ditentukan berdasarkan penggunaan dengan kata-kata yang mengandung raos alus (rasa sopan). Setiap kata dalam Bahasa Jawa memiliki jenis kata atau part of speech tertentu seperti halnya dengan bahasa-bahasa lain. POS tagging merupakah bagian penting dari cakupan bidang ilmu Natural Languange Processing (NLP). Penelitian ini menguji POS Tagging dengan Berbasis Aturan dan distribusi probabilitas Maximum Entropy pada Bahasa Jawa Krama menggunakan library OpenNLP untuk mengukur maximum entropy. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah Maximum Entropy dan Rule Based dapat digunakan untuk POSTagging pada Bahasa Jawa Krama dengan akurasi tertinggi 97,67%.Kata Kunci: POS Tagging, NLP, Maximum Entropy, Rule Based, Bahasa Jawa Krama

scholarly journals Improving Brill's tagger lexical and transformation rule for Afaan Oromo language

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham G Ayana
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Transformation Rule ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Training Corpus ◽  
Part Of Speech Tagging ◽  
Pos Tagging ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Speech Tagging

Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to Human-like language processing which reveals that it is a discipline within the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). However, the ultimate goal of research on Natural Language Processing is to parse and understand language, which is not fully achieved yet. For this reason, much research in NLP has focused on intermediate tasks that make sense of some of the structure inherent in language without requiring complete understanding. One such task is part-of-speech tagging, or simply tagging. Lack of standard part of speech tagger for Afaan Oromo will be the main obstacle for researchers in the area of machine translation, spell checkers, dictionary compilation and automatic sentence parsing and constructions. Even though several works have been done in POS tagging for Afaan Oromo, the performance of the tagger is not sufficiently improved yet. Hence,the aim of this thesis is to improve Brill’s tagger lexical and transformation rule for Afaan Oromo POS tagging with sufficiently large training corpus. Accordingly, Afaan Oromo literatures on grammar and morphology are reviewed to understand nature of the language and also to identify possible tagsets. As a result, 26 broad tagsets were identified and 17,473 words from around 1100 sentences containing 6750 distinct words were tagged for training and testing purpose. From which 258 sentences are taken from the previous work. Since there is only a few ready made standard corpuses, the manual tagging process to prepare corpus for this work was challenging and hence, it is recommended that a standard corpus is prepared. Transformation-based Error driven learning are adapted for Afaan Oromo part of speech tagging. Different experiments are conducted for the rule based approach taking 20% of the whole data for testing. A comparison with the previously adapted Brill’s Tagger made. The previously adapted Brill’s Tagger shows an accuracy of 80.08% whereas the improved Brill’s Tagger result shows an accuracy of 95.6% which has an improvement of 15.52%. Hence, it is found that the size of the training corpus, the rule generating system in the lexical rule learner, and moreover, using Afaan Oromo HMM tagger as initial state tagger have a significant effect on the improvement of the tagger.

scholarly journals Development of Part of Speech Tagger using Deep Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3384-3391
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Processing Application ◽  
Part Of Speech Tagging ◽  
Pos Tagging ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Order Language ◽  
Popular Language ◽  
Speech Tagging ◽  
Free Word

Part of speech tagging is the initial step in development of NLP (natural language processing) application. POS Tagging is sequence labelling task in which we assign Part-of-speech to every word (Wi) which is sequence in sentence and tag (Ti) to corresponding word as label such as (Wi/Ti…. Wn/Tn). In this research project part of speech tagging is perform on Hindi. Hindi is the fourth most popular language and spoken by approximately 4billion people across the globe. Hindi is free word-order language and morphologically rich language due to this applying Part of Speech tagging is very challenging task. In this paper we have shown the development of POS tagging using neural approach.

POS Tagging Bahasa Indonesia Dengan HMM dan Rule Based

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Widhiyanti ◽  
Agus Harjoko
Keyword(s):  
Markov Model ◽  
Hidden Markov Model ◽  
Hidden Markov ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Part Of Speech Tagging ◽  
Pos Tagging ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Class Labelling ◽  
Speech Tagging

The research conduct a Part of Speech Tagging (POS-tagging) for text in Indonesian language, supporting another process in digitising natural language e.g. Indonesian language text parsing. POS-tagging is an automated process of labelling word classes for certain word in sentences (Jurafsky and Martin, 2000). The escalated issue is how to acquire an accurate word class labelling in sentence domain. The author would like to propose a method which combine Hidden Markov Model and Rule Based method. The expected outcome in this research is a better accurary in word class labelling, resulted by only using Hidden Markov Model. The labelling results –from Hidden Markov Model– are  refined by validating with certain rule, composed by the used corpus automatically. From the conducted research through some POST document, using Hidden Markov Model, produced 100% as the highest accurary for identical text within corpus. For different text within the referenced corpus, used words subjected in corpus, produced 92,2% for the highest accurary.

Part of speech tagging for Arabic

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANDRA KÜBLER ◽  
EMAD MOHAMED
Keyword(s):  
Computational Linguistics ◽  
Automatic Segmentation ◽  
Data Sparseness ◽  
Part Of Speech Tagging ◽  
Pos Tagging ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Pos Tagger ◽  
Whole Word ◽  
Speech Tagging

AbstractThis paper presents an investigation of part of speech (POS) tagging for Arabic as it occurs naturally, i.e. unvocalized text (without diacritics). We also do not assume any prior tokenization, although this was used previously as a basis for POS tagging. Arabic is a morphologically complex language, i.e. there is a high number of inflections per word; and the tagset is larger than the typical tagset for English. Both factors, the second one being partly dependent on the first, increase the number of word/tag combinations, for which the POS tagger needs to find estimates, and thus they contribute to data sparseness. We present a novel approach to Arabic POS tagging that does not require any pre-processing, such as segmentation or tokenization: whole word tagging. In this approach, the complete word is assigned a complex POS tag, which includes morphological information. A competing approach investigates the effect of segmentation and vocalization on POS tagging to alleviate data sparseness and ambiguity. In the segmentation-based approach, we first automatically segment words and then POS tags the segments. The complex tagset encompasses 993 POS tags, whereas the segment-based tagset encompasses only 139 tags. However, segments are also more ambiguous, thus there are more possible combinations of segment tags. In realistic situations, in which we have no information about segmentation or vocalization, whole word tagging reaches the highest accuracy of 94.74%. If gold standard segmentation or vocalization is available, including this information improves POS tagging accuracy. However, while our automatic segmentation and vocalization modules reach state-of-the-art performance, their performance is not reliable enough for POS tagging and actually impairs POS tagging performance. Finally, we investigate whether a reduction of the complex tagset to the Extra-Reduced Tagset as suggested by Habash and Rambow (Habash, N., and Rambow, O. 2005. Arabic tokenization, part-of-speech tagging and morphological disambiguation in one fell swoop. In Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), Ann Arbor, MI, USA, pp. 573–80) will alleviate the data sparseness problem. While the POS tagging accuracy increases due to the smaller tagset, a closer look shows that using a complex tagset for POS tagging and then converting the resulting annotation to the smaller tagset results in a higher accuracy than tagging using the smaller tagset directly.

Learning Syllables Using Conv-LSTM Model for Swahili Word Representation and Part-of-speech Tagging

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Casper Shikali Shivachi ◽  
Refuoe Mokhosi ◽  
Zhou Shijie ◽  
Liu Qihe
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Language Model ◽  
Word Embeddings ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Pos Tagging ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Word Representation ◽  
Long Short Term Memory

The need to capture intra-word information in natural language processing (NLP) tasks has inspired research in learning various word representations at word, character, or morpheme levels, but little attention has been given to syllables from a syllabic alphabet. Motivated by the success of compositional models in morphological languages, we present a Convolutional-long short term memory (Conv-LSTM) model for constructing Swahili word representation vectors from syllables. The unified architecture addresses the word agglutination and polysemous nature of Swahili by extracting high-level syllable features using a convolutional neural network (CNN) and then composes quality word embeddings with a long short term memory (LSTM). The word embeddings are then validated using a syllable-aware language model ( 31.267 ) and a part-of-speech (POS) tagging task ( 98.78 ), both yielding very competitive results to the state-of-art models in their respective domains. We further validate the language model using Xhosa and Shona, which are syllabic-based languages. The novelty of the study is in its capability to construct quality word embeddings from syllables using a hybrid model that does not use max-over-pool common in CNN and then the exploitation of these embeddings in POS tagging. Therefore, the study plays a crucial role in the processing of agglutinative and syllabic-based languages by contributing quality word embeddings from syllable embeddings, a robust Conv–LSTM model that learns syllables for not only language modeling and POS tagging, but also for other downstream NLP tasks.

scholarly journals Part of Speech Tagging for Arabic Long Sentence

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.27) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Ahmed H. Aliwy ◽  
Duaa A. Al_Raza
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Data Set ◽  
English Sentence ◽  
Suggested Approach ◽  
Part Of Speech Tagging ◽  
Pos Tagging ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
N Gram ◽  
Speech Tagging

Part Of Speech (POS) tagging of Arabic words is a difficult and non-travail task it was studied in details for the last twenty years and its performance affects many applications and tasks in area of natural language processing (NLP). The sentence in Arabic language is very long compared with English sentence. This affect tagging process for any approach deals with complete sentence at once as in Hidden Markov Model HMM tagger. In this paper, new approach is suggested for using HMM and n-grams taggers for tagging Arabic words in a long sentence. The suggested approach is very simple and easy to implement. It is implemented on data set of 1000 documents of 526321 tokens annotated manually (containing punctuations). The results shows that the suggested approach has higher accuracy than HMM and n-gram taggers. The F-measures were 0.888, 0.925 and 0.957 for n-grams, HMM and the suggested approach respectively.

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