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2022 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Minh Hoat ◽  
Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen

In linguistics, when studying nouns, specialists often divide them into two large groups, common nouns, and proper nouns. Based on general meaning, common nouns are divided into smaller groups, such as nouns with generalizing meaning, nouns without generalizing meaning. Nouns with generalizing meaning can be divided: nouns of units, nouns of people, nouns of objects, etc. Nouns for people include nouns denoting kinship relations, social relations. These are general nouns of people. They take up a sizeable amount and are an important word class of nouns. Nouns of people indicate not only people but also expressive nuances, cultural expressions of individuals or communities. The article clarifies the characteristics of structures, semantics, and functions as Ede vocative addressing words in Vietnam, thereby explaining the Ede people's cultural characteristics through nouns of people.


2022 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Emanuela Piciucco ◽  
Viviana Masia ◽  
Emanuele Maiorana ◽  
Edoardo Lombardi Vallauri ◽  
Patrizio Campisi

Abstract Electroencephalographic (EEG) signals can reveal the cost required to deal with information structure mismatches in speech or in text contexts. The present study investigates the costs related to the processing of different associations between the syntactic categories of Noun and Verb and the information categories of Topic and Focus. It is hypothesized that – due to the very nature (respectively, predicative and non-predicative) of verbal and nominal reference – sentences with Topics realized by verbs, and Focuses realized by nouns, should impose greater processing demands, compared to the decoding of nominal Topics and verbal Focuses. Data from event-related potential (ERP) measurements revealed an N400 effect in response to both nouns encoded as Focus and verbs packaged as Topic, confirming that the cost associated with information structure processing follows discourse-driven expectations also with respect to the word-class level.


Author(s):  
Javier Calle-Martín ◽  
Juan Lorente-Sánchez

The intensifiers this and that acquired their intensifying function as a result of a grammaticalization process by means of which deictic demonstratives became degree adverbs with the meaning “to this or that extent, so much, so.” The phenomenon spread in the early nineteenth century as a typical resource of spoken English, and since then these intensifiers have found a niche in the written domain by imposing a scalar construal on adjectives for which scale is not the default. Even though these intensifiers are observed in practically all the varieties of English around the world, they predominate in American English, with its use in all the other inner circle varieties lagging well behind. In the outer circle varieties, the construction is also subject to some geographical preferences. The present article has two objectives: to evaluate the role and distribution of this and that as intensifiers in selected Asian varieties of English and to analyze the lexicosemantic structure of their right-hand collocates in terms of word class and mode of construal. The study demonstrates, firstly, the existence of different stages of grammaticalization of this and that, the latter having a wider repertoire of collocates; and secondly, an ongoing process of colloquialization and Americanization of the phenomenon, which is contributing to its growing diffusion in the outer circle varieties of English. The evidence comes from the Indian, Hong Kong, Singaporean and Philippines components of the Corpus of Global Web-based English.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (45) ◽  
pp. 503-512
Author(s):  
Mohammed Abed Saleh

Abstract   This research is intended to present the writing difficulties that second language learners have encounter through their learning process.  Linguists have proved that English second language learners (ESLL) face some difficulties in their writing because it is hard to understand ESLL perspectives. Many samples of ESLL writing have been examined and proved that their writing lacks some linguistic features. Coherent, accurate and creative text is the goal for English language teachers to be produced by their students. Word class (parts of speech) and morphology are the key features of language that indicate its linguistic system, especially sentence structure. The researcher tries to analyze word class and morphology in two selected texts of stage 2 and stage 4 in a second language learning center. One of the findings of this research is the use of bound grammatical morpheme (inflectional morpheme) for both texts is to some extent justifiable although the writer of S2 text makes some mistakes in producing the right word to give new meaning.


2021 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Любомир [Liubomyr] В. [V.] Сегін [Sehin]

The Derivational Potential of Prefixed Verbs with the Meaning of ‘Moving Upwards’ in the Ukrainian and Polish Languages (Comparative and Typological Aspects) This article is devoted to the derivational potential of prefixed verbs with the meaning ‘moving upwards’ in the Ukrainian and Polish languages in comparative and typological aspects. The study identifies the main factors that affect the derivational behaviour of the verbs in focus, delineates the structural types of specific derivational paradigms according to the number of word-class blocks of the deverbatives, reconstructs a typical derivational paradigm of the verbs under study, pinpoints the derivational meanings which fill this paradigm, and determines the ways of realisation of derivational meaning. The study found that prefixed verbs have a significant derivational potential. Based on a comparative analysis of derivational paradigms, it was established how prefixed verbs with the meaning of ‘moving upwards’ in the Ukrainian and Polish languages realise their derivational potential according to the following parameters: (1) the word-formative potential of the same lexical-semantic group to generate derivatives which belong to various blocks; (2) the derivational meanings of a typical derivational paradigm realised by derivatives in each of the compared languages; (3) the statistical pattern of derivational paradigm; (4) the degree of correspondence of the derivative potential of equivalent root words in the studied group; (5) correlate sets of derivational formants which are involved in the realisation of derivational meanings in a typical derivational paradigm; (6) the ways of formation of deverbatives in each of the languages, which reveals both common features and differences between them. Potencjał słowotwórczy czasowników przedrostkowych o znaczeniu ‘przemieszczać ku górze’ w języku ukraińskim i polskim (aspekt porównawczy i typologiczny) Artykuł skupia się na potencjale słowotwórczym czasowników przedrost­kowych o znaczeniu ‘przemieszczać ku górze’ w języku ukraińskim i polskim w aspekcie porównawczym i typologicznym. W toku badań ustalono główne czynniki wpływające na zachowanie słowotwórcze analizowanych czasowników, wyodrębniono typy strukturalne konkretnych paradygmatów słowotwórczych w zależności od liczby bloków części mowy, do jakich należą dewerbatywy, zrekonstruowano typowy paradygmat słowotwórczy analizowanych czasow­ników, wskazano znaczenia słowotwórcze, które wypełniają ten paradygmat, oraz określono sposoby realizacji znaczenia słowotwórczego. Badania wyka­zały, że czasowniki przedrostkowe mają znaczący potencjał słowotwórczy. Na podstawie analizy porównawczej paradygmatów słowotwórczych ustalono, w jaki sposób czasowniki przedrostkowe o znaczeniu ‘przemieszczać ku górze’ w języku ukraińskim i polskim realizują swój potencjał słowotwórczy według następujących parametrów: (1) potencjał słowotwórczy tej samej grupy leksykalno-semantycznej do generowania derywatów należących do różnych bloków; (2) znaczenia słowotwórcze typowego paradygmatu derywacyjnego, realizowane przez derywaty w porównywanych językach; (3) statystyczny schemat paradygmatu derywacyjnego; (4) stopień zgodności potencjału słowo­twórczego ekwiwalentów słów podstawowych w badanej grupie czasowników; (5) powiązane zbiory formantów derywacyjnych funkcjonujące w realizacji znaczeń w typowym paradygmacie słowotwórczym; (6) sposoby formowania dewerbatywów w porównywanych językach, ujawniające zarówno wspólne cechy, jak i różnice między nimi.


Linguistics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Louagie ◽  
Uta Reinöhl

Abstract This article develops foundations for a new typology of nominal expressions. Despite the significant diversity attested in languages around the world, a view traditionally and sometimes still found holds that languages either have ‘classic’, rigidly structured noun phrases (NPs) or lack them. A simple dichotomy, however, does not adequately represent the significant language-internal and crosslinguistic diversity of forms and functions of nominal expressions. While many linguists may not in fact think in such binary terms, a comprehensive typology is still wanting. This article offers foundations towards such a typology, with a particular emphasis on language-internal diversity. This diversity within languages has received little attention in previous studies, even while it reveals much about the actual complexity in the nominal domain. Besides surveying structural types and their motivating factors across as well as within languages from around the world, this article approaches nominal expressions also from a variety of other perspectives to enrich our understanding of them. This includes approaching nominal expressions from the perspective of word class systems as well as diachronically. We round off the article by looking at the impact of orality-literacy dimensions and communicative modes.


SUAR BETANG ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-209
Author(s):  
Suhila Mahamu ◽  
Agus Nero Sofyan

This research aims to classify and identify morphemes recognition in English. The method used in this study is qualitative descriptive method. In providing data, the researcher uses listening and note-taking technique. The data used in this study were retrieved from the book Top Grammar: A Guide to Write English. While the theory used is the theory of the principle of morpheme recognition. The results of this discussion can be classified into six principles of morpheme recognition namely (1) the form of indefinite pronouns, comparative and superlative degree and reflexive pronouns; (2) singular and plural forms; (3) the form of the past participle in regular {-d}/{-ed} and irregular {–n} forms; (4) singular and plural nouns, present and past verbs; (5) the form of homonyms and in principle; and (6), the form of free morpheme and bound morpheme. From the results of the classification, morpheme units can be identified based on word form, word class and also the meaning that appears.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengklasifikasi dan mengidentifikasi pengenalan morfem dalam bahasa Inggris. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Dalam tahapan penyediaan data, penulis menggunakan teknik simak dan catat. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini bersumber dari buku Top Grammar: A Guide to Write English. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori prinsip pengenalan morfem. Hasil dari pembahasan menunjukan bahwa terdapat enam prinsip pengenalan morfem, yaitu (1) terdapat pada bentuk indefinite pronoun, comparative dan superlative degree, serta reflexive pronoun; (2) terdapat pada bentuk tunggal dan jamak; (3) terdapat data pada bentuk past participle bentuk regular {-d}/ {-ed} dan irregular {–n}; (4) terdapat padakata benda tunggal dan jamak dan kata kerja present serta past; (5) terdapat pada bentuk homonim; (6) terdapat pada bentuk morfem bebas dan terikat. Dari hasil klasifikasi tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa satuan morfem dapat diidentifikasi berdasarkan bentuk kata, kelas kata, dan makna yang muncul.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-168
Author(s):  
Puti Zulharby

The purpose of this study was to produce readability level of the text in textbook "Silsilah fi Ta'limil Lughah Al-'Arabiyah, Al-Mustawa Ats-Tsaniy, Al Qiraah", knowing the cause of the low level of text readability in terms of word class tendencies and linguistic findings. This study also resulted in the level of reading ability of first-semester Arabic students at universities in Indonesia, as well as the types of texts recommended for use or further development by other researchers. This research was carried out using descriptive qualitative methods, data sourced from the first semester students who took the Qiraah course totalling 83 students, with readability analysis techniques using the Cloze Procedure Test. The research showed that the readability of textbooks was 46% at the frustration level and 29% at the moderate level. The tendency of the word class to make errors generally occur in 1) 27% of perfect verbs (fi’il madhi), 2) 24% of nouns (isim), 3) 16% of imperfect verbs (fiil mudhari). Other factors are 1) Reader Factor, the majority of student inputs to the Arabic Language Education Study Program was 43% from general/vocational high schools; 35% from Islamic high school; and only 22% came from Islamic boarding schools; 2) Reading Factors, the team of writers of textbooks from native Arabic speakers generally relies on their experience, judgment, and culture in presenting the text regardless of the ability of the readers as foreign speakers. The results also showed the low level of readability of textbook due to the scarcity of choice of textbook from Arab countries. 3) Reading Book Factor, this book was minimal in terms of vocabulary and illustrations in the form of pictures so that it was less helpful in independent understanding.


2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 531-544
Author(s):  
Dominika Kováříková

Abstract This paper presents a specialized corpus tool GramatiKat in the context of Open Science principles, namely data sharing, which offers opportunities for original research and facilitates verifiability of research and building on previous research. The tool is designed primarily for examining grammatical categories from the quantitative point of view. It offers grammatical profiles of particular lemmas (currently 14 thousand Czech nouns) and the proportion of individual grammatical categories within a part of speech, i.e., the standard behavior of a word class. The data in GramatiKat are pre-processed, statistically evaluated, and presented in charts and tables for clarity, and they are available to other linguists, especially from fields of morphology and lexicography. This article is aimed at providing inspiration and support to corpus and non-corpus linguists with utilization and enhanced use of the existing tools and with the creation of new specialized tools available to other users.


2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 444-453
Author(s):  
Jana Šindlerová ◽  
Barbora Štěpánková

Abstract In this paper, we present a preliminary study of three intensifiers (absolutně, naprosto, úplně) based on data from three different corpora, a written corpus SYN2020, a web corpus ONLINE-ARCHIVE, and a spoken corpus ORTOFON 1. Providing a parallel annotation of a random sample of each intensifier, we focus on their functions and meanings in context. We analyse their properties in order to define those features which are relevant to their word class assignment, and to prepare grounds for the future disambiguation tasks.


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