scholarly journals Plug-in Electric Vehicles for Grid Services Provision: Proposing an Operational Characterization Procedure for V2G Systems

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ângelo Casaleiro ◽  
Rodrigo Amaro e Silva ◽  
João Serra
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Power Factor ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Ancillary Service ◽  
Grid Services ◽  
Vehicle To Grid ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Characterization Procedure

Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are expected to play a role as power grid ancillary service providers through vehicle-to-grid (V2G) chargers, enabling higher levels of renewable electricity penetration. However, to fully exploit the storage capacity of PEVs and fast responsiveness, it is crucial to understand their operational characteristics. This work proposes a characterization procedure for V2G systems providing grid services. It extends the existing literature on response time, AC/DC conversion and reactive power assessment. Illustrative results were obtained by implementing the procedure using a Nissan Leaf battery electric vehicle (BEV) connected to a remotely operated commercial V2G CHAdeMO charger. The V2G system was characterized as having a relative inaccuracy and variability of response inferior to 3% and 0.4%, respectively. Its average communication and ramping times are 2.37 s and 0.26 s/kW, respectively. Its conversion efficiency and power factor both showed degradation in the power values below 50% of the charger’s nominal power. Moreover, the proposed visualizations revealed that: i) the V2G system implements power requests for the DC power flow; ii) the power factor control algorithm was nonoperational; and iii) the acquired data can leverage statistical models that describe the operation of V2G systems (which is of extreme value for researchers and operators).

scholarly journals A Three-Phase Bidirectional Grid-Connected AC/DC Converter for V2G Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Jingang Han ◽  
Xiong Zhou ◽  
Song Lu ◽  
Pinxuan Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Vehicle To Grid ◽  
Experiment Platform ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Simulation And Experiment ◽  
Bidirectional Power Flow ◽  
The Mathematical Model

The smart grid and electric vehicles (EVs) are widely used all over the world. As the key role, the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) has been attracting increasing attention. The bidirectional grid-connected AC/DC converter is one of the indispensable parts in the V2G system, which can realize bidirectional power flow and meet the power quality requirements for grid. A three-phase bidirectional grid-connected AC/DC converter is presented in this paper for V2G systems. It can be used to achieve the bidirectional power flow between EVs and grid, supply reactive power compensation, and smooth the power grid fluctuation. Firstly, the configuration of V2G systems is introduced, and the mathematical model of the AC/DC converter is built. Then, for bidirectional AC/DC converters, the grid voltage feedforward decoupling scheme is applied, and the analysis of PI control strategy is proposed and the controller is designed. The system simulation model is established based on MATLAB/Simulink, and the experiment platform of the bidirectional grid-connected converter for V2G is designed in lab. The simulation and experiment results are shown, and the results evaluate the effectiveness of the model and the performance of the applied control strategy.

scholarly journals FACTS Providing Grid Services: Applications and Testing

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 2554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panos Kotsampopoulos ◽  
Pavlos Georgilakis ◽  
Dimitris T. Lagos ◽  
Vasilis Kleftakis ◽  
Nikos Hatziargyriou
Keyword(s):  
Power Flow ◽  
Transient Stability ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Control Voltage ◽  
Hardware In The Loop ◽  
Grid Services ◽  
Testing Environments ◽  
Comparison Of The Results

The role of flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTSs) in the provision of grid services is becoming increasingly important, due to the massive integration of intermittent renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, and the decommissioning of thermal plants. A comprehensive literature review of grid services offered by FACTS is performed, focusing on the different grid services that they can provide, such as power flow control, reactive power control, voltage control, power quality improvement, harmonic mitigation, improvement of transient stability, and damping of inter-area and intra-area oscillations. These grid services need to be realistically and economically validated in suitable testing environments. A review of relevant standards, guides, and the literature is performed, which covers the entire range from functional specification and factory testing up to the field testing of FACTS. Advanced industry practices, such as controller hardware in the loop (CHIL) testing of FACTS controllers by the manufacturer, and recent trends, such as CHIL testing of replica controllers by the owner, are underlined. Limitations of conventional testing and CHIL testing are explained and the use of power hardware in the loop (PHIL) simulation for FACTS testing is discussed. CHIL and scaled-down PHIL tests on a transmission static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) are performed and a comparison of the results is presented.

scholarly journals Optimal Economic–Environmental Operation of BESS in AC Distribution Systems: A Convex Multi-Objective Formulation

Computation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Walter Gil-González ◽  
Oscar Danilo Montoya ◽  
Luis Fernando Grisales-Noreña ◽  
Andrés Escobar-Mejía
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Power Factor ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Optimal Power Flow ◽  
Pareto Front ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Global Optimum ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Objective Model

This paper deals with the multi-objective operation of battery energy storage systems (BESS) in AC distribution systems using a convex reformulation. The objective functions are CO2 emissions, and the costs of the daily energy losses are considered. The conventional non-linear nonconvex branch multi-period optimal power flow model is reformulated with a second-order cone programming (SOCP) model, which ensures finding the global optimum for each point present in the Pareto front. The weighting factors methodology is used to convert the multi-objective model into a convex single-objective model, which allows for finding the optimal Pareto front using an iterative search. Two operational scenarios regarding BESS are considered: (i) a unity power factor operation and (ii) a variable power factor operation. The numerical results demonstrate that including the reactive power capabilities in BESS reduces 200kg of CO2 emissions and USD 80 per day of operation. All of the numerical validations were developed in MATLAB 2020b with the CVX tool and the SEDUMI and SDPT3 solvers.

scholarly journals Learning capacity: predicting user decisions for vehicle-to-grid services

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob Shipman ◽  
Sophie Naylor ◽  
James Pinchin ◽  
Rebecca Gough ◽  
Mark Gillott
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Grid Services ◽  
Vehicle To Grid ◽  
Learning Capacity ◽  
Machine Learning Model ◽  
Storage Resource ◽  
Ev Charging

AbstractThe electric vehicles (EV) market is projected to continue its rapid growth, which will profoundly impact the demand on the electricity network requiring costly network reinforcements unless EV charging is properly managed. However, as well as importing electricity from the grid, EVs also have the potential to export electricity through vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, which can help balance supply and demand and stabilise the grid through participation in flexibility markets. Such a scenario requires a population of EVs to be pooled to provide a larger storage resource. Key to doing so effectively however is knowledge of the users, as they ultimately determine the availability of a vehicle. In this paper we introduce a machine learning model that aims to learn both a) the criteria influencing users when they decided whether to make their vehicle available and b) their reliability in following through on those decisions, with a view to more accurately predicting total available capacity from the pool of vehicles at a given time. Using a series of simplified simulations, we demonstrate that the learning model is able to adapt to both these factors, which allows the required capacity of a market event to be satisfied more reliably and using a smaller number of vehicles than would otherwise be the case. This in turn has the potential to support participation in larger and more numerous market events for the same user base and use of the technology for smaller groups of users such as individual communities.

scholarly journals Four-Quadrant Operations of Bidirectional Chargers for Electric Vehicles in Smart Car Parks: G2V, V2G, and V4G

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Tingting He ◽  
Dylan Dah-Chuan Lu ◽  
Mingli Wu ◽  
Qinyao Yang ◽  
Teng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Constant Current ◽  
Vehicle To Grid ◽  
Operation Modes ◽  
Constant Current Charging ◽  
Grid Side ◽  
Four Quadrant ◽  
Grid Operation

This paper presents the four-quadrant operation modes of bidirectional chargers for electric vehicles (EVs) framed in smart car parks. A cascaded model predictive control (MPC) scheme for the bidirectional two-stage off-board chargers is proposed. The controller is constructed in two stages. The model predictive direct power control for the grid side is applied to track the active/reactive power references. The model predictive direct current control is proposed to achieve constant current charging/discharging for the EV load side. With this MPC strategy, EV chargers are able to transmit the active and reactive powers between the EV batteries and the power grid. Apart from exchanging the active power, the vehicle-for-grid (V4G) mode is proposed, where the chargers are used to deliver the reactive power to support the grid, simultaneously combined with grid-to-vehicle or vehicle-to-grid operation modes. In the V4G mode, the EV battery functions as the static var compensator. According to the simulation results, the system can operate effectively in the full control regions of the active and reactive power (PQ) plane under the aforementioned operation modes. Fast dynamic response and great steady-state system performances can be verified through various simulation and experimental results.

scholarly journals MATLAB SIMULATION OF D-STATCOM USING SVPWM

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 184-195
Author(s):  
Adeesh Sharma ◽  
Himmat Singh
Keyword(s):  
Power Factor ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Active Power ◽  
Static Synchronous Compensator ◽  
Power Flow Control ◽  
Control Power ◽  
Active Power Flow ◽  
Distribution Line

In this paper, A Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (D-STATCOM) is used for improving the power factor, power quality and to control power flow control in the distribution line. It used to give reactive and active power compensation in the distribution line. The power depends on the power factor of the loads connected to the transmission line. In this paper we have used a new DSTATCOM using modified SVPWM technique. The previous DSTATCOM are basically controlled by PWM, or SPWM technique which produce high harmonics distortion but using SVPWM technique distortion reduces to maximum possible level. In our system we also have examined the losses due to DSTATCOM when connected in the distribution system. To decrease the reactive power and to minimize the undesirable load to require maintains the flow of reactive power. As a result, the power a factor of the load descant, leading to the limitation of the active power flow in the line. The D-STATCOM is a power electronics based on advanced device can be used to control power flow in the distribution line. The construction of system is able to recover the drop-in bus voltage when any loading effect arises, but due to 5th harmonic performance of DSTATCOM reduces somewhere.

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