scholarly journals A Model-Based Design of Distributed Automation Systems for the Smart Grid: Implementation and Validation

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Della Giustina ◽  
Amelia Alvarez de Sotomayor ◽  
Alessio Dedè ◽  
Francisco Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Code Generation ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Fault Location ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Target System ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Medium Voltage ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Automation Systems ◽  
Protection Devices

The paper aims at describing a model-based approach to design automation logics for fault location and supply restoration in medium voltage distribution networks. The application of automation functions along medium voltage feeders and, in particular, the installation of protection devices in secondary substations mandates the design and the implementation of complex logics to coordinate the operations of this hardware in case of fault occurrences. This synchronization is realized with the exchange of IEC 61850 GOOSE messages, but the correct usage of this information must be implemented in each protection device through dedicated logics, which are not in the common out-of-the-box system configurations. To support the introduction and the design of these logics, an automata-based approach has been proposed and successfully demonstrated in a real environment in the European research project IDE4L. This formal methodology has been introduced to simplify the design phase and to standardize the logics implemented in the protection prototypes realized in the project. The same models have also been used in the implementation phase with a semi-automatic code generation procedure, considering as a target system the software programmable logic controllers (soft-PLCs), available on the protection devices. Based on the test results and the short time to set up the test bench, this approach proved to be a reliable and effective way to implement complex medium voltage (MV) automation logics such those needed in modern smart grids.

scholarly journals A Lightweight Scheme to Authenticate and Secure the Communication in Smart Grids

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israa Aziz ◽  
Hai Jin ◽  
Ihsan Abdulqadder ◽  
Zaid Hussien ◽  
Zaid Abduljabbar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grids ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Medium Voltage ◽  
Authentication Mechanism ◽  
Computational Overhead ◽  
Automation Equipment ◽  
Lightweight Authentication

Self-reconfiguration in electrical power grids is a significant tool for their planning and operation during both normal and abnormal conditions. The increasing in employment of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs), as well as the rapid growth of the new communication technologies have increased the application of Feeder Automation (FA) in Distribution Networks (DNs). In a Smart Grid (SG), automation equipment, such as a Smart Breaker (SB), is used. Using either a wired or a wireless network or even a combination of both, communication between the Control Center (CC) and SBs can be made. Nowadays, wireless technology is widely used in the communication of DNs. This may cause several security vulnerabilities in the power system, such as remote attacks, with the goal of cutting off the electrical power provided to significant consumers. Therefore, to preserve the cybersecurity of the system, there is a need for a secure scheme. The available literature investments proposed a heavyweight level in security schemes, while the overhead was not considered. To overcome this drawback, this paper presents an efficient lightweight authentication mechanism with the necessary steps to ensure real-time automatic reconfiguration during a fault. As a first stage, authentication will be made between CC and SB, SB then sends the information about its status. To ensure the integrity of the authentication exchange, a hash function is used, while the symmetric algorithm is used to ensure privacy. The applicability of the suggested scheme has been proved by conducting security performance and analysis. The proposed scheme will be injected on ABB medium voltage breaker with the REF 542plus controller. Therefore, the probable benefit of the suggested scheme is the contribution to provide more flexibility for electrical utilities in terms of reducing the overall computational overhead and withstanding to various types of attacks, while also opening new prospects in FA of SGs.

Single Phase Earth Fault Location in the Medium Voltage Distribution Networks

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (25) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jevgēnijs Linčiks ◽  
Dzintars Baranovskis
Keyword(s):  
Fault Location ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Voltage Distribution ◽  
Medium Voltage ◽  
Earth Fault ◽  
Location Methods

Single Phase Earth Fault Location in the Medium Voltage Distribution NetworksThis paper gives a description of the single phase earth fault location methods in the medium voltage networks. The single phase earth fault location in the medium voltage distribution networks is problematic now. The technical devices which are using in Latvia now do not allow to detect the single phase earth faults fast and high accuracy. Fast earth fault location should be possible by using the equipments which are calculating distance to earth faults. But precisely calculate the distance to the single phase earth faults in the medium voltage networks is very difficult. The paper presents the single earth fault location methods including the calculation methods for fault distance.

scholarly journals Earth Fault Location Using Negative Sequence Currents

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farughian ◽  
Kumpulainen ◽  
Kauhaniemi
Keyword(s):  
Fault Location ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Negative Sequence ◽  
Medium Voltage ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sequence Components ◽  
Zero Sequence ◽  
Negative Sequence Current

In this paper, a new method for locating single-phase earth faults on non-effectively earthed medium voltage distribution networks is proposed. The method requires only current measurements and is based on the analysis of the negative sequence components of the currents measured at secondary substations along medium voltage (MV) distribution feeders. The theory behind the proposed method is discussed in depth. The proposed method is examined by simulations, which are carried out for different types of networks. The results validate the effectiveness of the method in locating single-phase earth faults. In addition, some aspects of practical implementation are discussed. A brief comparative analysis is conducted between the behaviors of negative and zero sequence currents along a faulty feeder. The results reveal a considerably higher stability level of the negative sequence current over that of the zero sequence current.

scholarly journals Detecting the Fault Section in the Distribution Network with Distributed Generators Based on Optimal Placement of Smart Meters

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Dashtdar ◽  
Masoud Dashtdar
Keyword(s):  
Fault Location ◽  
Voltage Drop ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Optimal Placement ◽  
Voltage Distribution ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Good Efficiency ◽  
Medium Voltage

AbstractOne of the most important issues in employing distribution networks is detecting the fault location in medium-voltage distribution feeders. Due to the vastness of distribution networks and growing distributed generation (DG) sources in this network, detection is difficult with the common methods. The aim of this paper is to present a method based on voltage distributed meters in a medium-voltage distribution network (by smart meters installed along the feeder) in order to detect the fault location in the presence of DG sources. Due to vastness of distribution network and cost of installing smart meters, it is not economically possible to install meters in all the Buses of the network. That’s why in this article, combination of genetic and locating algorithms and fault-based on voltage drop has been used to suggest a method to optimize the meter locations. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the method suggested, first we determine the optimal number and location of the meters and then we apply the fault that has been simulated in different Buses of the sample network, using PSCAD/EMTDC software. After results analysis, the fault location is estimated by MATLAB. Simulation results show that the fault locating method by optimal number of meters has good efficiency and accuracy in detecting faults in different spots and in different resistance ranges.

Fuel Dynamics Model for Engine Coldstart

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Carlos Zavala ◽  
Dietmar Gu¨nther ◽  
Pannag Sanketi ◽  
Mark Wilcutts ◽  
Karl Hedrick
Keyword(s):  
Code Generation ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Hydrocarbon Emissions ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Intake Port ◽  
Dynamics Model ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Fuel Dynamics

Different strategies have been used in the past to improve the performance of hydrocarbon emissions controllers in SI engines. One of them relies on the use of the model-based control design scheme, which offers the possibility of automating the controller design-to-implementation phase. It also gives the chance to update the model with a potential reduction in required experiments if physical changes are made to the plant. Under the model-based scheme, an accurate plant model can greatly enhance the development of an effective control systems. In particular, acquiring a correct fuel-dynamics model can be crucial in developing a good hydrocarbon emissions controller for coldstart. During this period, the factory AFR (air-fuel ratio) sensor is not active and the engine experiences an abrupt transient, which makes modeling difficult. In this paper, a model that describes fuel dynamics for coldstart is developed. The model uses mainly two parameters: one of them accounts for the fraction of injected fuel that runs directly into the cylinders and the other represents the time constant of fuel vaporization from the wall-wetting film formed in the intake port. Two discretized versions of the model are evaluated and compared. The parameters are calculated at different intake port temperatures. To implement the proposed model, experiments are carried out using a 4-cylinder SI MPFI combustion engine connected to a Simulink interface with capabilities of automatic code generation. Factory controller measurements and other external measurements such as intake port temperature and broadband AFR sensor measurements are used to fit the model parameters. Parameter identification techniques are used to identify the values of the parameters. Both versions of the fuel dynamics model are then tested during coldstart cycles and the results are analyzed.

scholarly journals Improving the Power Supply Performance in Rural Smart Grids with Photovoltaic DG by Optimizing Fuse Selection

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 622
Author(s):  
Santiago Pindado ◽  
Daniel Alcala-Gonzalez ◽  
Daniel Alfonso-Corcuera ◽  
Eva M. García del Toro ◽  
María Isabel Más-López
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grids ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Maximum Error ◽  
Electrical Systems ◽  
High Penetration ◽  
Protection Devices ◽  
Electrical Distribution Network ◽  
Good Operation ◽  
Correct Size

The recent increase in the use of renewable sources in electrical systems has transformed the electrical distribution network with the subsequent implementation of the distributed generation (DG) concept. The high penetration level of photovoltaic units increases their injected fault current that may result in a lack of coordination of fuse reclosers in distribution networks. One of the main protection devices that is generally used in rural distribution networks is the fuse. A correct size selection is key for ensuring good operation and coordination with other protection devices. The DG implementation makes the selection above more difficult, as the current flow both in steady state and in case of short-circuit is subject to alterations. A new protection fuse selection method for distribution networks with implemented DG is proposed in this paper with the aim of ensuring an effective coordination between them, avoiding untimely behaviors. Different case studies have been analyzed (for diverse locations of DG in the network with various penetration levels which represent 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the total installed load), using an IEEE 13-node test feeder. Besides, a new model to analyze fuse performance is proposed in this work. This model has proven to fit the manufacturer’s data well, with a maximum error of 2% within the normal trip current values.

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