scholarly journals Mineral Policy within the Framework of Limited Critical Resources and a Green Energy Transition

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2688
Author(s):  
Silviu Nate ◽  
Yuriy Bilan ◽  
Mariia Kurylo ◽  
Olena Lyashenko ◽  
Piotr Napieralski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Iron Nickel ◽  
Availability Index ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Technique

The green energy transition is associated with the use of a wide range of metals and minerals that are exhaustible. Most of these minerals are limited in access due to small resource fields, their concentration in several locations and a broader scale of industry usage which is not limited exclusively to energy and environmental sectors. This article classifies 17 minerals that are critical in the green energy transition concerning the 10 main technologies. The following classification signs of metal resources were used: (1) the absolute amount of metals used in the current period for energy;(2) projected annual demand in 2050 from energy technologies as a percentage of the current rate;(3) the number of technologies where there is a need for an individual metal;(4) cumulative emissions of CO₂, which are associated with metal production;(5) period of reserves availability;(6) the number of countries that produced more than 1% of global production;(7) countries with the maximum annual metal productivity. The ranking of metals according to these characteristics was carried out using two scenarios, and the index of the availability of each mineral was determined. The lowest availability index values (up to 0.15) were calculated for cobalt, graphite and lithium, which are key battery minerals for energy storage. Low indices (up to 0.20) were also obtained for iron, nickel and chromium. The calculation of the availability index for each mineral was enhanced with linear trend modelling and the fuzzy logic technique. There are two scenarios of demand–supply commodity systems with a pre-developed forecast up to 2050: basic independent parameter probability and balanced fuzzy sum. Both scenarios showed comparable results, but the second one highlighted supply chain importance. Generally, the lowest availability index values (up to 0.15) were calculated for cobalt, graphite and lithium, which are key battery minerals for energy storage. Low indices (up to 0.20) were also obtained for iron, nickel and chromium. The fuzzy logic model helped to reveal two scenarios up to 2050. The two scenarios presented in the current research expose a high level of uncertainty of the projected 2050 forecast.

scholarly journals Design of PI Fuzzy Logic Gain Scheduling Load Frequency Control in Two-Area Power Systems

Designs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tawfiq Hussein ◽  
Awad Shamekh
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Gain Scheduling ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Load Frequency Control ◽  
Control Technique ◽  
Load Frequency ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Technique

In this paper the use of the proportional integral (PI) algorithm incorporated with the fuzzy logic technique has been proposed as advanced gain scheduling load frequency control (GLFC) in two-area power systems. The proposed controller comprises two-level control systems, such that it consists of a pure integral compensator which is connected in parallel with a PI controller. However, and based on load demand, the PI parameters are updated online by means of fuzzy logic rules. With this control technique it becomes possible to eliminate steady state errors as well as to maintain good transient responses. The task of keeping a stable and overall satisfactory mode of operation in interconnected electric power systems is the main goal of any control strategy. This should be guaranteed over a wide range of operating conditions and particularly in sudden and drastic load changes. Therefore, the suggested approach has been examined following abnormal changes in loading conditions to clarify its reliability. The report also investigates the performance of the pure integral (I) controller and GLFC in individual configurations to highlight the advantages of the offered algorithm over the standard ones. The criterion of integral square error (ISE) has been exploited in the performance assessment for the designed controllers. Several simulation scenarios have been conducted, using the MATLAB–Simulink package, to illustrate the proficiency of the developed technique.

scholarly journals High-Performance-Based Perovskite-Supported Nanocomposite for the Development of Green Energy Device Applications: An Overview

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1006
Author(s):  
Tse-Wei Chen ◽  
Rasu Ramachandran ◽  
Shen-Ming Chen ◽  
Ganesan Anushya ◽  
Selvarajan Divya Rani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Storage Device ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Energy Storage Efficiency

Perovskite-based electrode catalysts are the most promising potential candidate that could bring about remarkable scientific advances in widespread renewable energy-storage devices, especially supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, and solar-cell applications. This review demonstrated that perovskite composites are used as advanced electrode materials for efficient energy-storage-device development with different working principles and various available electrochemical technologies. Research efforts on increasing energy-storage efficiency, a wide range of electro-active constituents, and a longer lifetime of the various perovskite materials are discussed in this review. Furthermore, this review describes the prospects, widespread available materials, properties, synthesis strategies, uses of perovskite-supported materials, and our views on future perspectives of high-performance, next-generation sustainable-energy technology.

scholarly journals The impact of Clean Spark Spread expectations on storage hydropower generation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Condemi ◽  
Loretta Mastroeni ◽  
Pierluigi Vellucci
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Electric Power System ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Hydropower Generation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

AbstractStorage hydropower generation plays a crucial role in the electric power system and energy transition because it is the most widespread power generation with low greenhouse gas emissions and, moreover, it is relatively cheap to ramp up and down. As a result, it provides flexibility to the grid and helps mitigate the short-term production uncertainty that affects most green energy technologies. However, using water in reservoirs represents an opportunity cost, which is related to the evolution of plant production capacity and production profitability. As the latter is related to a wide range of types of variables, in order to incorporate it in a large-scale prediction model it is important to select the variables that impact most on storage hydropower generation. In this paper, we investigate the impact of the variables influencing the choices of price maker producers, and, in particular we study the impact of Clean Spark Spread expectations on storage hydroelectric generation. In this connection, using entropy and machine learning tools, we present a method for embedding this expectations in a model to predict storage hydropower generation, showing that, for some time horizon, expectations on CSS have a greater impact than expectations on power prices. It is shown that, if the right mix of power price and CSS expectations is considered, the prediction error of the model is drastically reduced. This implies that it is important to incorporate CSS expectations into the storage hydropower model.

Designing the Electricity Market with Energy Storage Devices

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. VASKOVSKAYA ◽  
◽  
Boris A. KLUS ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Optimal Power Flow ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Storage Systems ◽  
Storage Model ◽  
Optimal Power ◽  
Wide Range

The development of energy storage systems allows us to consider their usage for load profile leveling during operational planning on electricity markets. The paper proposes and analyses an application of an energy storage model to the electricity market in Russia with the focus on the day ahead market. We consider bidding, energy storage constraints for an optimal power flow problem, and locational marginal pricing. We show that the largest effect for the market and for the energy storage system would be gained by integration of the energy storage model into the market’s optimization models. The proposed theory has been tested on the optimal power flow model of the day ahead market in Russia of 10000-node Unified Energy System. It is shown that energy storage systems are in demand with a wide range of efficiencies and cycle costs.

ALMAR 300 ALLOY

Alloy Digest ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Cold Working ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Age Hardening ◽  
Ultra High Strength Steel ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Iron Nickel ◽  
Useful Yield

Abstract ALMAR 300 Alloy is a vacuum-melted ultra-high-strength steel. The annealed structure of this alloy is essentially a carbon-free, iron-nickel martensite (a relatively soft Rockwell C 28) that can be strengthened by cold working and elevated-temperature (900-950 F) age hardening to useful yield strengths as high as 300,000 psi. The unique properties of this alloy make it suitable for a wide range of section sizes. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SA-349. Producer or source: Allegheny Ludlum Corporation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document