scholarly journals Models of Delivery of Sustainable Public Transportation Services in Metropolitan Areas–Comparison of Conventional, Battery Powered and Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Drives

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7725
Author(s):  
Tomasz Wojciech Szulc ◽  
Grzegorz Krawczyk ◽  
Seweryn Tchórzewski
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Investment Project ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel Cell ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Financial Investment ◽  
Vehicle Purchase

The development of public transport systems is related to the implementation of modern and low-carbon vehicles. Over the last several years, there has been a clear progress in this field. The number of electric buses has increased, and the first solutions in the area of hydrogen fuel cells have been implemented. Unfortunately, the implementation of these technologies is connected with significant financial expenditure. The goal of the article is the analysis of effectiveness of financial investment, consisting in the purchase of 30 new public transport buses (together with the necessary infrastructure–charging stations). The analysis has been performed using the NPV method for the period of 10 years. Discount rate was determined on 4%, as recommended by the European Commission for this type of project. It is based on the case study of the investment project carried out by Metropolis GZM in Poland. The article determines and compares the efficiency ratios for three investment options-purchase of diesel-powered, battery-powered, and hydrogen fuel-cell electric vehicles. The results of the analysis indicate that the currently high costs of vehicle purchase and charging infrastructure are a significant barrier for the implementation of battery-powered and hydrogen fuel-cell buses. In order to meet the transport policy goals related to the exchange of traditional bus stock to more eco-friendly vehicles, it is necessary to involve public funds for the purpose of financing the investment activities.

scholarly journals Comparative TCO Analysis of Battery Electric and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses for Public Transport System in Small to Midsize Cities

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4384
Author(s):  
Hanhee Kim ◽  
Niklas Hartmann ◽  
Maxime Zeller ◽  
Renato Luise ◽  
Tamer Soylu
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel Cell ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Fuel Cost ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Transport System ◽  
Bus Body

This paper shows the results of an in-depth techno-economic analysis of the public transport sector in a small to midsize city and its surrounding area. Public battery-electric and hydrogen fuel cell buses are comparatively evaluated by means of a total cost of ownership (TCO) model building on historical data and a projection of market prices. Additionally, a structural analysis of the public transport system of a specific city is performed, assessing best fitting bus lines for the use of electric or hydrogen busses, which is supported by a brief acceptance evaluation of the local citizens. The TCO results for electric buses show a strong cost decrease until the year 2030, reaching 23.5% lower TCOs compared to the conventional diesel bus. The optimal electric bus charging system will be the opportunity (pantograph) charging infrastructure. However, the opportunity charging method is applicable under the assumption that several buses share the same station and there is a “hotspot” where as many as possible bus lines converge. In the case of electric buses for the year 2020, the parameter which influenced the most on the TCO was the battery cost, opposite to the year 2030 in where the bus body cost and fuel cost parameters are the ones that dominate the TCO, due to the learning rate of the batteries. For H2 buses, finding a hotspot is not crucial because they have a similar range to the diesel ones as well as a similar refueling time. H2 buses until 2030 still have 15.4% higher TCO than the diesel bus system. Considering the benefits of a hypothetical scaling-up effect of hydrogen infrastructures in the region, the hydrogen cost could drop to 5 €/kg. In this case, the overall TCO of the hydrogen solution would drop to a slightly lower TCO than the diesel solution in 2030. Therefore, hydrogen buses can be competitive in small to midsize cities, even with limited routes. For hydrogen buses, the bus body and fuel cost make up a large part of the TCO. Reducing the fuel cost will be an important aspect to reduce the total TCO of the hydrogen bus.

scholarly journals Application of Certification/Safety Experience Gained in Fuel Cell Public Transportation With Buses Towards Marine Applications of Fuel Cells

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daljit Bawa ◽  
Jake DeVaal
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Approval Process ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Marine Applications

Fuel cells with hydrogen fuel have now been demonstrated in public transportation for over 15 years worldwide. During this time Ballard-powered fuel cell buses have clocked more than 300,000 hours while accumulating over 5 million kilometers. These public transport buses have been certified and homologated in the USA, Europe, Australia and China. While certification agencies such as TUV, CHP, NHTSA, and other local governing bodies have been involved with the approval process for ensuring safety of personnel and equipment, the components themselves have met stringent requirements of NFPA, NGV, SAE, ASME, ANSI and other governing organizations. This paper highlights the various standards and safety concepts used in the approval process of public transportation using fuel cell buses. Since marine ferries involve movement of personnel, it is recommended that many of the requirements used for public buses can be easily adapted for marine applications of fuel cells. Paper published with permission.

Development and Evaluation of Fuel Cell Buses

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed E. M. El-Sayed
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel Cell ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
The Road ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Fuel Cell Bus ◽  
Bus Body ◽  
On The Road

Vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cells produce zero emissions of greenhouse-gases. For this reason, hydrogen fuel cell bus technology has been regarded as a viable alternative for the future of green mass transportation. As a result, several hydrogen fuel cell buses are being commissioned for trials and evaluations on numerous routes worldwide. Despite the relevance of the technology and sincere trials efforts of several fuel cell buses, the progress in the development and utilization of hydrogen fuel cell bus technology has been sluggish at best. In addition, the road to full commercialization of fuel cell buses for public transportation is undefined, unclear, and risky for developers, planners, as well as mass transient end users. Most of the fuel cell buses being tried on the road today are built or converted with the rate of one bus at time. In most cases, a fuel cell system integrator combines a fuel cell from one of the few available suppliers with the bus body from a bus manufacturer for trial or technology demonstration. Accordingly, most of the fuel cell buses being evaluated today could be considered as prototypes or proof of concept. The key characteristics and attributes upon which these buses are being evaluated such as affordability, durability, and reliability have not been matured and validated through a rigorously structured and controlled mass production process. Consequently the results of these evaluations could be misleading. For proper and more objective evaluation of fuel cell bus technologies better understanding of controlled and validated mass production processes is necessary. Unfortunately, there are no documented efforts that address fuel cell buses production concerns. In this paper, development and evaluation issues related to hydrogen fuel cell buses and technologies will be addressed. In addition, some of the key characteristics of fuel cell buses will be studied.

Sensing advancement towards safety assessment of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 489 ◽  
pp. 229450
Author(s):  
Sahar Foorginezhad ◽  
Masoud Mohseni-Dargah ◽  
Zahra Falahati ◽  
Rouzbeh Abbassi ◽  
Amir Razmjou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Fuel Cell Vehicles ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel Cell ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
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