Aspects of the Process of Sorting European Black Pine Seeds

Research Highlights: Seed separation criteria and the optimal parameters of sorting devices were described. Background and Objectives: Seeds are often sorted into fractions which are sown separately to promote uniform seed germination and seedling emergence. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the correlations between the basic physical properties of European black pine (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold subsp. nigra) seeds for the needs of planning seed sorting operations. Materials and Methods: Black pine seeds were divided into 5 batches representing individual parent trees, and the physical properties (terminal velocity, thickness, width, length, angle of external friction, mass) of each seed were determined. The measured geometric parameters and seed mass were used to calculate the respective indicators for each seed. The values of the analyzed parameters were used to plan the seed separation process. Results: The average values of the basic physical properties of seeds were determined in the following range: Terminal velocity—8.32 to 8.73 m s−1, thickness—2.24 to 2.27 mm, width—3.34 to 3.44 mm, length—5.87 to 6.08 mm, angle of external friction—28 to 32°, mass—18.8 to 20.0 mg. Seed mass was most highly correlated with terminal velocity, and it was least correlated with the angle of external friction. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that black pine seeds should be sorted with the use of pneumatic separators or, alternatively, mesh sieves with longitudinal openings. These sorting devices separate seeds into fractions characterized by similar seed mass, which delivers both economic and environmental benefits in nursery practice.

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Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Spruce Species

Forests ◽

10.3390/f9100617 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 617 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz ◽

Zbigniew Żuk ◽

Elżbieta Kusińska

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Terminal Velocity ◽

External Friction ◽

Specific Mass ◽

Seed Processing ◽

Aspect Ratios ◽

Sphericity Index ◽

Oriental Spruce

Information about the variations and correlations between the physical properties of seeds is essential for designing and modeling seed processing operations. The aim of this study was to determine the variations in the basic physical properties of seeds of selected spruce species and to identify the correlations between these attributes for the needs of the seed sorting processes. Terminal velocity, thickness, width, length, mass, and the angle of external friction were determined in the seeds of 11 spruce species. The measured parameters were used to calculate three aspect ratios (geometric mean diameter, sphericity index, and specific mass) of each seed. The average values of the basic physical properties of the analyzed seeds were determined in the following range: terminal velocity—5.25 to 8.34 m s−1, thickness—1.10 to 2.32 mm, width—1.43 to 3.19 mm, length—2.76 to 5.52 mm, the angle of external friction—23.1 to 30.0°, and mass—2.29 to 18.57 mg. The seeds of Jezo spruce and Meyer’s spruce were most similar to the seeds of other spruce species, whereas oriental spruce seeds differed most considerably from the remaining seeds. Our findings indicate that spruce seeds should be sorted primarily with the use of mesh sieves with longitudinal openings to obtain fractions with similar seed mass and to promote even germination.

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Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Fir Species

10.20944/preprints201901.0105.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz ◽

Piotr Markowski ◽

Andrzej Anders ◽

Krzysztof Jadwisieńczak ◽

Zbigniew Żuk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Terminal Velocity ◽

External Friction ◽

Seed Processing ◽

Aspect Ratios ◽

White Fir ◽

Sphericity Index ◽

Separation Devices

Research Highlights: The correlations between the analyzed physical properties of seeds and seed mass were determined. The results were analyzed to determine most effective seed separation devices for the evaluated fir species. Background and Objectives: Information about the variations and correlations between the physical properties of seeds is essential for designing and modeling seed processing operations such as seed separation. The aim of this study was to determine the range of variations in the basic physical properties of seeds of selected fir species, and to identify the correlations between these attributes for the needs of the seed sorting processes. Materials and Methods: Terminal velocity, thickness, width, length, the angle of external friction and mass were determined in the seeds of 11 fir species. The measured parameters were used to calculate the geometric mean diameter, three aspect ratios, sphericity index and the specific mass of each seed. Results: The average values of the basic physical properties of the analyzed seeds were determined in the following range: terminal velocity – from 4.8 to 7.1 m s-1, thickness – from 1.76 to 3.22 mm, width – from 3.29 to 5.57 mm, length – from 5.44 to 11.06 mm, angle of external friction – from 26 to 33°, and mass – from 7.9 to 48.3 mg. The seeds of Sierra white fir where most similar, whereas the seeds of balsam fir differed most considerably from the seeds of the remaining fir species. Conclusions: Fir seeds should be sorted primarily with the use of mesh sieves with longitudinal openings to obtain fractions with similar seed mass and to eliminate the need for dewinging.

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Variations and Correlations between the Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Spruce Species

10.20944/preprints201808.0400.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz ◽

Zbigniew Żuk ◽

Elżbieta Kusińska

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Terminal Velocity ◽

External Friction ◽

Specific Mass ◽

Seed Processing ◽

Aspect Ratios ◽

Sphericity Index ◽

Oriental Spruce

Information about the variations and correlations between the physical properties of seeds is essential for designing and modeling seed processing operations. The aim of this study was to determine the variations in the basic physical properties of seeds of selected spruce species and to identify the correlations between these attributes for the needs of the seed sorting processes. Terminal velocity, thickness, width, length, mass and the angle of external friction were determined in the seeds of 11 spruce species. The measured parameters were used to calculate three aspect ratios, geometric mean diameter, sphericity index and specific mass of each seed. The average values of the basic physical properties of the analyzed seeds were determined in the following range: terminal velocity – 5.25 to 8.34 m s-1, thickness – 1.10 to 2.32 mm, width – 1.43 to 3.19 mm, length – 2.76 to 5.52 mm, the angle of external friction – 23.1 to 30.0°, and mass – 2.29 to 18.57 mg. The seeds of Jezo spruce and Meyer's spruce were most similar to the seeds of other spruce species, whereas oriental spruce seeds differed most considerably from the remaining seeds. Our findings indicate that spruce seeds should be sorted primarily with the use of mesh sieves with longitudinal openings to obtain fractions with similar seed mass and to promote even germination.

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Analysis of the Physical Properties of Seeds of Selected Viburnum Species for the Needs of Seed Sorting Operations

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9040711 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 711

Author(s):

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz ◽

Dariusz J. Choszcz

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Ornamental Plants ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Terminal Velocity ◽

Landscape Design ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Uniform Size ◽

Size Fractions ◽

Physical Attributes

Viburnum is a genus of colorful and ornamental plants popular in landscape design on account of their high esthetic appeal. The physical properties of viburnum seeds have not been investigated in the literature to date. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the seeds of selected Viburnum species and to search for potential relationships between their physical attributes for the needs of seed sorting operations. The basic physical parameters of the seeds of six Viburnum species were measured, and the relationships between these attributes were determined in correlation and regression analyses. The average values of the evaluated parameters were determined in the following range: terminal velocity—from 5.6 to 7.9 m s−1, thickness—from 1.39 to 1.87 mm, width—from 3.59 to 6.33 mm, length—from 5.58 to 7.44 mm, angle of external friction—from 36.7 to 43.8°, mass—from 16.7 to 35.0 mg. The seeds of V. dasyanthum, V. lentago and V. sargentii should be sorted in air separators, and the seeds of V. lantana and V. opulus should be processed with the use of mesh screens with round apertures to obtain uniform size fractions. The seeds of V. rhytodophyllum cannot be effectively sorted into batches with uniform seed mass, but they can be separated into groups with similar dimensions.

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Developmental anatomy and ultrastructure of early somatic embryos in European black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.)

PROTOPLASMA ◽

10.1007/bf01272861 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 185 (3-4) ◽

pp. 205-211 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

J. Jasik ◽

T. Salajova ◽

J. Salaj

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryos ◽

Pinus Nigra ◽

Black Pine ◽

Developmental Anatomy ◽

Anatomy And Ultrastructure ◽

European Black Pine

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Impact of future climate change on a genetic plantation of hybrid pine

Botany ◽

10.1139/cjb-2015-0014 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 93 (7) ◽

pp. 397-404 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sophan Chhin

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Pinus Densiflora ◽

Pinus Nigra ◽

Red Pine ◽

Future Climate Change ◽

Black Pine ◽

Moisture Index ◽

Hybrid Pine ◽

Sib Families ◽

European Black Pine

European black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) and Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc.) are nonnative conifers that have been introduced into the United States and have the ability to hybridize with each other and can potentially become an invasive threat. Interspecific hybridization is an important component of applied genetic tree improvement programs. This study retrospectively examined the influence of climate on interannual growth patterns of 12 full-sib families of hybrid pine that were derived from the hybridization of European black pine and Japanese red pine. The hybrids (Pinus nigra × Pinus densiflora) were initially planted in 1982 in southern mid-Michigan at Michigan State University (MSU) Sandhill Research Area. Tree-ring analysis methods (dendrochronology) were used to quantify the influence of climate (i.e., mean temperature and moisture index) on interannual basal area growth rates of the hybrid pine over an 18 year period (1991–2008). The productivity of the 12 full-sib families of hybrid pine were also projected under future climate change in the 21st century based on the IPCC A1B emission scenario. Climatic sensitivities that were identified in the hybrid pine families included high temperature stress in the summer and fall, moisture stress in the summer, winter harshness, and the timing of the start of the growing season. According to projections, by the end of the 21st century, 8 out of the 12 pine families will show significant decreases in growth outside of the historical norm under the temperature-based dendrochronology models, while 4 families will show significant declines under the moisture index models. The results indicate that the hybrid pine families appear to be generally resilient to future changes in moisture, but will likely be extremely vulnerable to future climatic warming, and thus do not appear to be a future invasive threat. This study represents the first dendrochronological examination of hybrid pine in North America.

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Effects of Skidding Operations after Tree Harvesting and Soil Scarification by Felled Trees on Initial Seedling Emergence of Spanish Black Pine (Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii)

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11070767 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 767 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja ◽

Mehdi Heydari ◽

Isabel Miralles ◽

Demetrio Antonio Zema ◽

Ruben Manso

Keyword(s):

Seedling Emergence ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Pinus Nigra ◽

Matter Content ◽

Mediterranean Forests ◽

Black Pine ◽

Soil Scarification ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

Seed Fall ◽

Tree Harvesting

Skidding operations are thought to have negative impacts on soil emergence because they may increase soil compaction and reduce vegetation cover and the soil’s organic matter content. We investigated whether and to what extent tree harvesting and subsequent skidding initially altered seedling emergence in two Mediterranean forests of Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii (Spanish black pine) in the Cuenca Mountains (Spain). Our main objective was to compare the Spanish black pine seedling emergence rate among skid trails, soil areas scarified by felled trees, and areas undisturbed next to harvest operations. In addition, we selected an unmanaged stand as reference, in order to look for evidence of seedling emergence under natural conditions. We measured Spanish black pine seed fall and seedling emergence immediately after harvest operations in two locations in the Cuenca Mountains (Palancares and Majadas forests), which are typical forests in Cuenca Mountains. The results showed that the Palancares site presented higher seed fall in comparison to the Majadas site. In addition, seed fall was higher in the unmanaged stand, as we recorded a higher tree density in this site in comparison to harvested stands (Palancares and Majadas). Furthermore, our results demonstrated differences in seedling emergence between lower elevation drier Palancares and higher elevation wetter Majadas and relative differences in seedling emergence among skid trail, scarified, and undisturbed harvested areas. Finally, the unmanaged stand presented the highest seedling emergence in comparison to scarified, compacted, and non-disturbed harvested areas. Overall, the results suggest a short-term impact of skidding on seedling emergence, which should be considered for future management guidelines of Spanish black pine in the Mediterranean climate.

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Lluciapomaresius nisae, a new species of Ephippigerini (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Bradyporinae) from the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4221.1.6 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4221 (1) ◽

pp. 123 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

JOSEP MARIA OLMO-VIDAL

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Iberian Peninsula ◽

Pinus Nigra ◽

Calling Song ◽

Black Pine ◽

Male Calling ◽

Mediterranean Pine ◽

Rosemary Scrub ◽

A New Species ◽

European Black Pine

A new species of the genus Lluciapomaresius Barat, 2012 is described from Serra de Llaberia in Catalonia (in the northeast of Iberian Peninsula). Lluciapomaresius nisae n. sp. was collected in a Mediterranean pine forest dominated by European black pine (Pinus nigra) and secondarily by Calcicolous rosemary scrub. L. nisae is compared to L. panteli (Navàs, 1899) from which it can be separated mainly by the shape of the male cerci, the titillators and the male calling song. Also in the females by the protuberances at the base of the ventral valves of the ovipositor.

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