Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Fir Species

Research Highlights: The correlations between the analyzed physical properties of seeds and seed mass were determined. The results were analyzed to determine most effective seed separation devices for the evaluated fir species. Background and Objectives: Information about the variations and correlations between the physical properties of seeds is essential for designing and modeling seed processing operations such as seed separation. The aim of this study was to determine the range of variations in the basic physical properties of seeds of selected fir species, and to identify the correlations between these attributes for the needs of the seed sorting processes. Materials and Methods: Terminal velocity, thickness, width, length, the angle of external friction and mass were determined in the seeds of 11 fir species. The measured parameters were used to calculate the geometric mean diameter, three aspect ratios, sphericity index and the specific mass of each seed. Results: The average values of the basic physical properties of the analyzed seeds were determined in the following range: terminal velocity – from 4.8 to 7.1 m s-1, thickness – from 1.76 to 3.22 mm, width – from 3.29 to 5.57 mm, length – from 5.44 to 11.06 mm, angle of external friction – from 26 to 33°, and mass – from 7.9 to 48.3 mg. The seeds of Sierra white fir where most similar, whereas the seeds of balsam fir differed most considerably from the seeds of the remaining fir species. Conclusions: Fir seeds should be sorted primarily with the use of mesh sieves with longitudinal openings to obtain fractions with similar seed mass and to eliminate the need for dewinging.

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Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Fir Species

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10020142 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 142 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz ◽

Piotr Markowski ◽

Andrzej Anders ◽

Krzysztof Jadwisieńczak ◽

Zbigniew Żuk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Terminal Velocity ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Seed Processing ◽

Aspect Ratios ◽

White Fir ◽

Sphericity Index ◽

Sorting Process

Research Highlights: The correlations between seed mass and the remaining physical properties were determined in selected fir species, and a method for seed sorting was proposed to promote uniform germination and emergence. Background and Objectives: Information about the variation and correlations between the physical properties of seeds is essential for designing and modeling seed processing operations such as seed separation. The aim of this study was to determine the range of variation in the physical properties of seeds in eleven fir species, and to analyze the correlations between these parameters to improve the seed sorting process. Materials and Methods: Terminal velocity, thickness, width, length, the angle of external friction and mass were determined in the seeds of 11 fir species. The measured parameters were used to calculate the geometric mean diameter, three aspect ratios, sphericity index and the specific mass of each seed. Results: The seeds of Sierra white fir where most similar, whereas the seeds of balsam fir differed most considerably from the seeds of the remaining fir species. In the majority of the analyzed fir species, seed mass was most strongly correlated with terminal velocity, followed by thickness. Conclusions: Fir seeds should be sorted primarily with the use of mesh sieves with longitudinal openings to obtain fractions with similar seed mass and to eliminate the need for dewinging.

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Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Spruce Species

Forests ◽

10.3390/f9100617 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 617 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz ◽

Zbigniew Żuk ◽

Elżbieta Kusińska

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Terminal Velocity ◽

External Friction ◽

Specific Mass ◽

Seed Processing ◽

Aspect Ratios ◽

Sphericity Index ◽

Oriental Spruce

Information about the variations and correlations between the physical properties of seeds is essential for designing and modeling seed processing operations. The aim of this study was to determine the variations in the basic physical properties of seeds of selected spruce species and to identify the correlations between these attributes for the needs of the seed sorting processes. Terminal velocity, thickness, width, length, mass, and the angle of external friction were determined in the seeds of 11 spruce species. The measured parameters were used to calculate three aspect ratios (geometric mean diameter, sphericity index, and specific mass) of each seed. The average values of the basic physical properties of the analyzed seeds were determined in the following range: terminal velocity—5.25 to 8.34 m s−1, thickness—1.10 to 2.32 mm, width—1.43 to 3.19 mm, length—2.76 to 5.52 mm, the angle of external friction—23.1 to 30.0°, and mass—2.29 to 18.57 mg. The seeds of Jezo spruce and Meyer’s spruce were most similar to the seeds of other spruce species, whereas oriental spruce seeds differed most considerably from the remaining seeds. Our findings indicate that spruce seeds should be sorted primarily with the use of mesh sieves with longitudinal openings to obtain fractions with similar seed mass and to promote even germination.

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Variations and Correlations between the Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Spruce Species

10.20944/preprints201808.0400.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz ◽

Zbigniew Żuk ◽

Elżbieta Kusińska

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Terminal Velocity ◽

External Friction ◽

Specific Mass ◽

Seed Processing ◽

Aspect Ratios ◽

Sphericity Index ◽

Oriental Spruce

Information about the variations and correlations between the physical properties of seeds is essential for designing and modeling seed processing operations. The aim of this study was to determine the variations in the basic physical properties of seeds of selected spruce species and to identify the correlations between these attributes for the needs of the seed sorting processes. Terminal velocity, thickness, width, length, mass and the angle of external friction were determined in the seeds of 11 spruce species. The measured parameters were used to calculate three aspect ratios, geometric mean diameter, sphericity index and specific mass of each seed. The average values of the basic physical properties of the analyzed seeds were determined in the following range: terminal velocity – 5.25 to 8.34 m s-1, thickness – 1.10 to 2.32 mm, width – 1.43 to 3.19 mm, length – 2.76 to 5.52 mm, the angle of external friction – 23.1 to 30.0°, and mass – 2.29 to 18.57 mg. The seeds of Jezo spruce and Meyer's spruce were most similar to the seeds of other spruce species, whereas oriental spruce seeds differed most considerably from the remaining seeds. Our findings indicate that spruce seeds should be sorted primarily with the use of mesh sieves with longitudinal openings to obtain fractions with similar seed mass and to promote even germination.

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Analysis of the physical properties of spindle seeds for seed sorting operations

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-93166-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz ◽

Andrzej Anders ◽

Piotr Markowski ◽

Paweł Tylek ◽

Danuta Owoc

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Terminal Velocity ◽

External Friction ◽

Aperture Size ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Mean Diameter

AbstractThe relationships between the basic physical properties of seeds of selected spindle species were evaluated for the needs of seed sorting operations. Physical properties were measured in the seeds of five spindle species, and the presence of relationships between these attributes was determined in correlation and regression analyses. The average values of the evaluated parameters were determined in the following range: terminal velocity—from 9.2 to 10.3 m s−1, thickness—from 2.57 to 3.26 mm, width—from 2.87 to 3.74 mm, length—from 3.94 to 5.52 mm, angle of external friction—from 20.7° to 24.6°, mass—from 16.5 to 33.8 mg. Spindle seeds were arranged in the following ascending order based on their geometric mean diameter: winged spindle, Hamilton’s spindle, large-winged spindle, broadleaf spindle and European spindle. Spindle seeds should be separated in a sieve equipped with at least two mesh screens with slotted apertures. Depending on the processed spindle species, aperture size should range from ≠ 2.7 to ≠ 3.5 mm in the top screen, and from ≠ 2.4 to ≠ 3.0 mm in the bottom screen.

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Aspects of the Process of Sorting European Black Pine Seeds

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10110966 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 966 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kaliniewicz ◽

Tylek

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Pinus Nigra ◽

Terminal Velocity ◽

Environmental Benefits ◽

External Friction ◽

Black Pine ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

European Black Pine

Research Highlights: Seed separation criteria and the optimal parameters of sorting devices were described. Background and Objectives: Seeds are often sorted into fractions which are sown separately to promote uniform seed germination and seedling emergence. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the correlations between the basic physical properties of European black pine (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold subsp. nigra) seeds for the needs of planning seed sorting operations. Materials and Methods: Black pine seeds were divided into 5 batches representing individual parent trees, and the physical properties (terminal velocity, thickness, width, length, angle of external friction, mass) of each seed were determined. The measured geometric parameters and seed mass were used to calculate the respective indicators for each seed. The values of the analyzed parameters were used to plan the seed separation process. Results: The average values of the basic physical properties of seeds were determined in the following range: Terminal velocity—8.32 to 8.73 m s−1, thickness—2.24 to 2.27 mm, width—3.34 to 3.44 mm, length—5.87 to 6.08 mm, angle of external friction—28 to 32°, mass—18.8 to 20.0 mg. Seed mass was most highly correlated with terminal velocity, and it was least correlated with the angle of external friction. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that black pine seeds should be sorted with the use of pneumatic separators or, alternatively, mesh sieves with longitudinal openings. These sorting devices separate seeds into fractions characterized by similar seed mass, which delivers both economic and environmental benefits in nursery practice.

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Moisture-dependent physical properties of kokum seed (Garcinia indica Choisy)

Research in Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.17221/59/2011-rae ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 60 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 75-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S.P. Sonawane ◽

G.P. Sharma ◽

N.J. Thakor ◽

R.C. Verma

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Average Length ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Terminal Velocity ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Average Value ◽

Garcinia Indica ◽

Static Coefficient Of Friction

Designing the equipment for processing, sorting and sizing of agricultural crops requires information about the crops’ physical properties. The physical properties of kokum seed were evaluated as a function of moisture content in the range of 7.35 to 25.79% d.b. (dry basis). The average length, width, thickness and one thousand seed mass were 17.17 mm, 10.66 mm, 5.87 mm and 410 g, respectively, at a moisture content of 7.35% d.b. The average value of geometric mean diameter and sphericity were 10.19 mm and 59.75%, respectively, at moisture content of 7.35% d.b. As the moisture content increased from 7.35 to 25.79% d.b., the bulk density increased from 345 to 396 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, true density decreased from 1179 to 1070 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, and the corresponding porosity decreased from 65.73 to 55.46%; the repose angle and terminal velocity increased from 32.1 to 42.3° and 4.30 to 6.73 m/s,respectively. The static coefficient of friction increased on three structural surfaces namely, glass (0.59–0.73), stainless steel (0.81–0.87) and plywood (0.74–0.83) in the moisture range from 7.35 to 25.79% d.b. Linear regression equations were used to express the physical properties of kokum seeds as a function of moisture content.  

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Analysis of the Physical Properties of Seeds of Selected Viburnum Species for the Needs of Seed Sorting Operations

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9040711 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 711

Author(s):

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz ◽

Dariusz J. Choszcz

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Ornamental Plants ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Terminal Velocity ◽

Landscape Design ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Uniform Size ◽

Size Fractions ◽

Physical Attributes

Viburnum is a genus of colorful and ornamental plants popular in landscape design on account of their high esthetic appeal. The physical properties of viburnum seeds have not been investigated in the literature to date. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the seeds of selected Viburnum species and to search for potential relationships between their physical attributes for the needs of seed sorting operations. The basic physical parameters of the seeds of six Viburnum species were measured, and the relationships between these attributes were determined in correlation and regression analyses. The average values of the evaluated parameters were determined in the following range: terminal velocity—from 5.6 to 7.9 m s−1, thickness—from 1.39 to 1.87 mm, width—from 3.59 to 6.33 mm, length—from 5.58 to 7.44 mm, angle of external friction—from 36.7 to 43.8°, mass—from 16.7 to 35.0 mg. The seeds of V. dasyanthum, V. lentago and V. sargentii should be sorted in air separators, and the seeds of V. lantana and V. opulus should be processed with the use of mesh screens with round apertures to obtain uniform size fractions. The seeds of V. rhytodophyllum cannot be effectively sorted into batches with uniform seed mass, but they can be separated into groups with similar dimensions.

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Physical properties and water absorption kinetics of three varieties of Mucuna beans

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-85087-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ajibola B. Oyedeji ◽

Olajide P. Sobukola ◽

Ezekiel Green ◽

Oluwafemi A. Adebo

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Rate Constant ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Activation Energies ◽

Mucuna Pruriens ◽

Absorption Kinetics ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Soaking Temperature

AbstractThe physical properties and water absorption kinetics of three varieties of Mucuna beans (Mucuna pruriens, Mucuna rajada and Mucuna veracruz) were determined in this study. Physical properties including length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, porosity, bulk density, area, volume and one thousand seed mass were calculated while hydration kinetics was studied by soaking Mucuna beans in water at 30 °C, 40 °C and 50 °C and measuring water uptake at 9 h interval. Peleg’s equation was used to model the hydration characteristics and Arrhenius equation was used to describe the effect of temperature on Peleg’s rate constant k1 and to obtain the activation energies for soaking. Significant variations were observed in almost all the physical properties of the different varieties, however, there were no significant differences (p < 0.05) in their thicknesses and bulk densities. The effectiveness of fit of Peleg’s model (R2) increased with increase in soaking temperature. Peleg’s rate constant k1 decreased with increase in soaking temperature while k2 increased with temperature increase. Activation energies of Mucuna pruriens, Mucuna rajada and Mucuna veracruz were 1613.24 kJ/mol, 747.95 kJ/mol and 2743.64 kJ/mol, respectively. This study provides useful information about the properties of three varieties of Mucuna beans that could be of importance to processors and engineers for process design and optimization.

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Study on some engineering attributes of pine nut (Pinus pinea) to the design of processing equipment

Research in Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.17221/49/2009-rae ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 56 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 99-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

S.M.T. Gharibzahedi ◽

V. Etemad ◽

J. Mirarab-Razi ◽

M. Fos hat

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Static Friction ◽

Terminal Velocity ◽

Angle Of Repose ◽

Engineering Properties ◽

Pine Nut ◽

Length Width ◽

Glass Surfaces

Moisture-dependent engineering properties of pine nut were studied at 6.3, 8.2, 10.8, 14.5, 18.9, and 20.1% moisture content (dry basis). The length, width, thickness, and geometric mean diameter increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 21.75 to 21.85 mm, 7.39 to 7.47 mm, 6.07 to 6.14 mm, and 9.89 to 9.98 mm, respectively, with an increase in moisture content from 6.3% to 20.1%, whereas the increase in sphericity from 45.49% to 45.69% was not significant. Similarly, thousand seed mass, true density, porosity, terminal velocity, and angle of repose increased (P < 0.05) from 0.85 to 0.93 kg, 1043.3 to 1071 kg/m3, 41.31% to 44.57%, 8.67 to 8.83 m/s, and 35.4° to 39°, respectively, with an increase in moisture content under the experimental condition. Moreover, the bulk density decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from 612.3 to 593.6 kg/m3. Coefficient of static friction increased (P < 0.05) from 0.251 to 0.292, 0.241 to 0.271, 0.227 to 0.262, and 0.218 to 0.247 on plywood, galvanized iron sheet, stainless steel, and glass surfaces, respectively, with an increase in moisture content from 6.3% to 20.1%.

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Moisture Dependent Selected Engineering Properties of Deenanath Seeds in Relation to Development of Processing Machinery

Journal of Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.52151/jae2021581.1749 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 58 (03) ◽

pp. 250-261

Author(s):

Sanjay Kumar Singh ◽

Sheshrao Kautkar ◽

P. K. Pathak ◽

Bholuram Gurjar ◽

Sunil Swami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Engineering Properties ◽

True Density ◽

Linear Relationships ◽

Mean Diameter ◽

Length Width

Propagation of grasses through seeds is important in view of vigour and germination. Various grasses as Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin., Cenchrus ciliaris L., Chrysopogan fulvus have lower vigour and germination, due to which they need specific operations as defluffing, separation of true seeds, cleaning and grading by specific machines. In designing a machine for a specific use, physical properties and their behaviour with moisture play an important role. A study was conducted to assess the effect of moisture content at five levels [6.88 - 19.23 %, (d.b.)] on selected physical properties of defluffed Deenanath grass seed. The length, width, thickness, arithmetic mean diameter, and geometric mean diameter of defluffed Deenanath seed increased from 2.30 mm to 2.56 mm, 0.71 mm to 0.96 mm, 0.47 mm to 0.63 mm, 1.16 mm to 1.38 mm, and 0.90 mm to 1.15 mm, respectively, with increase in moisture content 6.88 % to 19.23 %. Bulk density, true density, and porosity decreased from 652.16 kg.m-3 to 585.78 kg.m-3, 852.63 kg.m-3 to 792.71 kg.m-3, and 25.62 % to 24.97 %, respectively, with increase in moisture content from 6.88 % to 19.23 per cent. The aspect ratio, sphericity, surface area, volume, and thousand-seed mass of the seed were in the range of 30.91 - 37.51 %, 0.39 - 0.45, 2.58 - 3.23 mm2 , 3.71 - 4.97 mm3 , and 0.480 - 0.523 g, respectively. Linear relationships with correlation coefficients higher than 0.90 were observed for the physical properties over the experimental range of moisture content.

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