scholarly journals Analyses of Microstructure and Dynamic Deposition of Cell Wall Components in Xylem Provide Insights into Differences between Two Black Poplar Cultivars

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 972
Author(s):  
Na Sun ◽  
Yufen Bu ◽  
Chen Pan ◽  
Xinyuan Wu ◽  
Yuan Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Stimulated Raman Scattering ◽  
Chemical Deposition ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Populus Euramericana ◽  
Black Poplar ◽  
Wall Components

The chemical composition of the cell wall varies between species and even within the same species, and impacts the properties of the cell wall. In this study, the dynamic chemical compositions of the xylem cell walls of two black poplar cultivars, Populus × euramericana ‘Zhonglin46’ and Populus × euramericana ‘Neva,’ were investigated in situ using stimulated Raman scattering microscopy (SRS). Meanwhile, the pectin structural features were examined using immunofluorescence methods. The results showed that Neva displayed faster thickening of the fiber cell walls than Zhonglin46 did, and it had a greater cell wall thickness in mature xylem. A faster deposition speed of lignin and cellulose during xylem maturation was revealed in Neva. Significantly higher lignin contents were found in the mature xylem of Neva compared with those of Zhonglin46, while no obvious differences in cellulose deposition in mature xylem were observed between the two cultivars. The patterns of pectin deposition during xylem maturation were similar in the two cultivars, but more pectin was found in the mature xylem of Neva than in that of Zhonglin46. The chemical deposition patterns account for the anatomical feature differences between the cultivars. These results provide valuable insights into the chemical deposition and anatomical differences between cultivars, and they might be helpful in understanding the wood growth processes and facilitating the utilization of different poplar cultivars.

Dissolution and acetylation of ball-milled birch (Betula platyphylla) and bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra) in the ionic liquid [Bmim]Cl for HSQC NMR analysis

Holzforschung ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 607-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Qu ◽  
Takao Kishimoto ◽  
Shinjiro Ogita ◽  
Masahiro Hamada ◽  
Noriyuki Nakajima
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ball Milling ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Betula Platyphylla ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Phyllostachys Nigra ◽  
Wall Components

Abstract A method for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characterization of whole cell wall components, including lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses, was recently developed in our laboratory. The method described for fir (Abies sachalinensis) as a softwood consists of ball-milling of cell wall, dissolution in an ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl), in situ acetylation, recovery of the material from the solution, and characterization of the product by 1H-13C correlation heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR spectroscopy in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-d6. In the present paper, the performance of the method should be tested for a hardwood and a bamboo. Thus, Japanese white birch (Betula platyphylla) and hachiku bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra) have been investigated. Finely ball-milled birch and bamboo materials were completely dissolved in [Bmim]Cl at 100°C without severe chemical modification of the cell wall components. The dissolved cell walls were then subjected to in situ acetylation, and the ball-milled and fully acetylated cell walls were recovered from [Bmim]Cl. Longer ball-milling time was required for birch and bamboo cell walls, because of the lower solubility of acetylated birch and bamboo materials in DMSO-d6compared to the acetylated fir material. However, HSQC NMR experiments were successfully conducted, and the acetylated whole cell wall components in the birch and bamboo could be fully characterized. This method is applicable for the analysis of cell wall components of various plant biomasses without previous isolation. Further studies are necessary to improve the method.

In vitro and in vivo polysaccharides assembly: ultrastructural and cytochemical study of growing plant cell wall components.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
D. Reis ◽  
B. Vian ◽  
J. C. Roland
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Wall Components

Wall morphogenesis in higher plants is a problem still open to controversy. Until now the possibility of a transmembrane control and the involvement of microtubules were mostly envisaged. Self-assembly processes have been observed in the case of walls of Chlamydomonas and bacteria. Spontaneous gelling interactions between xanthan and galactomannan from Ceratonia have been analyzed very recently. The present work provides indications that some processes of spontaneous aggregation could occur in higher plants during the formation and expansion of cell wall.Observations were performed on hypocotyl of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) for which growth characteristics and wall composition have been previously defined.In situ, the walls of actively growing cells (primary walls) show an ordered three-dimensional organization (fig. 1). The wall is typically polylamellate with multifibrillar layers alternately transverse and longitudinal. Between these layers intermediate strata exist in which the orientation of microfibrils progressively rotates. Thus a progressive change in the morphogenetic activity occurs.

Visualization of sporopollenin-containing pathogenic green micro-alga Prototheca wickerhamii by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryohei Ueno
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Oligonucleotide Probes ◽  
Logarithmic Growth Phase ◽  
Prototheca Wickerhamii ◽  
Algal Genus

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using taxon-specific, rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes is one of the most powerful tools for the rapid identification of harmful microorganisms. However, eukaryotic algal cells do not always allow FISH probes to permeate over their cell walls. Members of the pathogenic micro-algal genus Prototheca are characterized by their distinctive cell-wall component, sporopollenin, an extremely tough biopolymer that resists acid and alkaline hydrolysis, enzyme attack, and acetolysis. To our knowledge, there has been no report of the successful permeation by the oligonucleotide probes over the cell walls of unicellular green micro-algae, which contain sporopollenin. The DNA probes passed through the cell wall of Prototheca wickerhamii after treating the algal cells with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Most cells in the middle logarithmic growth phase culture fluoresced when hybridized with the rRNA-targeted universal probe for eukaryotes, though individual cells included in this culture differed in the level of cell-wall vulnerability to attack by the polysaccharide-degrading enzyme, thus reflecting the different stages of the life cycle. This is the first report regarding the visualization of sporopollenin-containing, green micro-algal cells by FISH.

Isolation and Characterization of Plant Cell Walls and Cell Wall Components

1988 ◽  
pp. 3-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM S. YORK ◽  
ALAN G. DARVILL ◽  
MICHAEL MCNEIL ◽  
THOMAS T. STEVENSON ◽  
PETER ALBERSHEIM
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Wall Components

Isolation and characterization of plant cell walls and cell wall components

1986 ◽  
pp. 3-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. York ◽  
Alan G. Darvill ◽  
Michael McNeil ◽  
Thomas T. Stevenson ◽  
Peter Albersheim
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Wall Components

scholarly journals Cell-wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins of parenchymatous tissues of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus)

1990 ◽  
Vol 269 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Ryden ◽  
R R Selvendran
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Runner Bean ◽  
Cellulose Residue

1. Polymers were solubilized from the cell walls of parenchyma from mature runner-bean pods with minimum degradation by successive extractions with cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diamine-NNN′N′-tetra-acetate (CDTA), Na2CO3 and KOH to leave the alpha-cellulose residue, which contained cross-linked pectic polysaccharides and Hyp-rich glycoproteins. These were solubilized with chlorite/acetic acid and cellulase. The polymers were fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography, and fractions were subjected to methylation analysis. 2. The pectic polysaccharides differed in their ease of extraction, and a small proportion were highly cross-linked. The bulk of the pectic polysaccharides solubilized by CDTA and Na2CO3 were less branched than those solubilized by KOH. There was good evidence that most of the pectic polysaccharides were not degraded during extraction. 3. The protein-containing fractions included Hyp-rich and Hyp-poor glycoproteins associated with easily extractable pectic polysaccharides, Hyp-rich glycoproteins solubilized with 4M-KOH+borate, the bulk of which were not associated with pectic polysaccharides, and highly cross-linked Hyp-rich glycoproteins. 4. Isodityrosine was not detected, suggesting that it does not have a (major) cross-linking role in these walls. Instead, it is suggested that phenolics, presumably linked to C-5 of 3,5-linked Araf residues of Hyp-rich glycoproteins, serve to cross-link some of the polymers. 5. There were two main types of xyloglucan, with different degrees of branching. The bulk of the less branched xyloglucans were solubilized by more-concentrated alkali. The anomeric configurations of the sugars in one of the highly branched xyloglucans were determined by 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. 6. The structural features of the cell-wall polymers and complexes are discussed in relation to the structure of the cell walls of parenchyma tissues.

scholarly journals Feeding the Walls: How Does Nutrient Availability Regulate Cell Wall Composition?

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ogden ◽  
Rainer Hoefgen ◽  
Ute Roessner ◽  
Staffan Persson ◽  
Ghazanfar Khan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Wall Components

Nutrients are critical for plants to grow and develop, and nutrient depletion severely affects crop yield. In order to optimize nutrient acquisition, plants adapt their growth and root architecture. Changes in growth are determined by modifications in the cell walls surrounding every plant cell. The plant cell wall, which is largely composed of complex polysaccharides, is essential for plants to attain their shape and to protect cells against the environment. Within the cell wall, cellulose strands form microfibrils that act as a framework for other wall components, including hemicelluloses, pectins, proteins, and, in some cases, callose, lignin, and suberin. Cell wall composition varies, depending on cell and tissue type. It is governed by synthesis, deposition and remodeling of wall components, and determines the physical and structural properties of the cell wall. How nutrient status affects cell wall synthesis and organization, and thus plant growth and morphology, remains poorly understood. In this review, we aim to summarize and synthesize research on the adaptation of root cell walls in response to nutrient availability and the potential role of cell walls in nutrient sensing.

Corrigendum - The role of wheat non-starch polysaccharides in broiler nutrition

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 405 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Annison
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Gut Microflora ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Growth Depression ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Wall Components

It has been well established over a number of years that the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) value of wheat is highly variable. In 1983 and 1987 in Australia two surveys indicated that approximately 25% of wheats have AME values lower than 13 MJ/kg.DM (range 10.4-15.9 MJ/kg.DM). Following recent studies it has been proposed that the soluble non-starch polysaccharide cell-wall components of wheat (mainly arabinoxylan with some G-glucan) have an anti-nitritive activity when wheats are present at high levels in broiler diets and are responsible for the low-AME wheat phenomenon. The main findings supporting this hypothesis are (1) wheat AME values are negatively correlated with soluble non-starch polysaccharide levels, (2) low level addition (30g/kg) of commercially available pur non-starch polysaccharides to broiler diets depresses the AME,of the diets, (3) degradation of the cell wall polysaccharides in situ by addition of glycanases to broiler diets raises AME values, and (4) addition of purified wheat arabinoxylan to broiler diets depresses the AME in a dose-dependant manner. The AME depression is a result of the inhibition of starch, lipid and proteindigestion in the fore-gut. This paper reviews the experiments and the data from the studies and discusses further aspects of the anti-nutritive activity of cereal polysaccharides in broiler diets. The possible role of the gut microflora in the growth depression observed when diets containing high levels of rye, barley and wheat are fed to broiler chickens is also examined.

Relationship of wood cell wall ultrastructure to bacterial degradation of wood

IAWA Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 845-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adya P. Singh ◽  
Yoon Soo Kim ◽  
Ramesh R. Chavan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Wood Cell Wall ◽  
Bacterial Degradation ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Wall Ultrastructure ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wall Components

ABSTRACT This review presents information on the relationship of ultrastructure and composition of wood cell walls, in order to understand how wood degrading bacteria utilise cell wall components for their nutrition. A brief outline of the structure and composition of plant cell walls and the degradation patterns associated with bacterial degradation of wood cell walls precedes the description of the relationship of cell wall micro- and ultrastructure to bacterial degradation of the cell wall. The main topics covered are cell wall structure and composition, patterns of cell wall degradation by erosion and tunnelling bacteria, and the relationship of cell wall ultrastructure and composition to wood degradation by erosion and tunnelling bacteria. Finally, pertinent information from select recent studies employing molecular approaches to identify bacteria which can degrade lignin and other wood cell wall components is presented, and prospects for future investigations on wood degrading bacteria are explored.

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