scholarly journals An Analysis on Contemporary MAC Layer Protocols in Vehicular Networks: State-of-the-Art and Future Directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Lopamudra Hota ◽  
Biraja Prasad Nayak ◽  
Arun Kumar ◽  
G. G. Md. Nawaz Ali ◽  
Peter Han Joo Chong
Keyword(s):  
Resource Sharing ◽  
Vehicular Networks ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Protocol Design ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Media Access Control ◽  
Channel Access ◽  
Delay Constraint

Traffic density around the globe is increasing on a day-to-day basis, resulting in more accidents, congestion, and pollution. The dynamic vehicular environment induces challenges in designing an efficient and reliable protocol for communication. Timely delivery of safety and non-safety messages is necessary for traffic congestion control and for avoiding road mishaps. For efficient resource sharing and optimized channel utilization, the media access control (MAC) protocol plays a vital role. An efficient MAC protocol design can provide fair channel access and can delay constraint safety message dissemination, improving road safety. This paper reviews the applications, characteristics, and challenges faced in the design of MAC protocols. A classification of the MAC protocol is presented based on contention mechanisms and channel access. The classification based on contention is oriented as contention-based, contention-free, and hybrid, whereas the classification based on channel access is categorized as distributed, centralized, cluster-based, cooperative, token-based, and random access. These are further sub-classified as single-channel and multi-channel, based on the type of channel resources they utilize. This paper gives an analysis of the objectives, mechanisms, advantages/disadvantages, and simulators used in specified protocols. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion on the future scope and open challenges for improving the MAC protocol design.

Analysis of Safety Communication in a Highway Environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 676-681
Author(s):  
M. Venkatesan ◽  
Selvakumar S. Raja
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Channel Access ◽  
Safety Communication ◽  
Collision Warning ◽  
Sorting Process ◽  
Waiting Line ◽  
Time Division

This paper proposes an idea to develop security applications in vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) need upon propagation the security based messages. A self-arranging MAC protocol is proposed for high-collisions situations. The protocol permits vehicles to sort with others in a collision warning way before information transmission. Vehicles in the waiting line will get to the channel by time-division multiple accesses (TDMA) based channel access. A queue determine the accessing the channels on queue based channel access to on one node access from all nodes. Distinction with completely random access, the slot of queue select access the channel needs on completion time of selfsorting operation. In this paper queue achieve self sorting process mainly determined identify and avoid the collisions with another list areas during they self sorting operations. This simulation results output main purpose for highways securities show the proposed methodologies can considerable decrease the packet loss and delay in collision warning system in highway collisions situations.

Analysis of the Multi-Channel MAC Protocols in Wireless Networks

2013 ◽  
Vol 756-759 ◽  
pp. 2734-2738
Author(s):  
Chun Guang Shi ◽  
Hai Tao Zhao ◽  
Yi Tang ◽  
Yun Feng Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Networks ◽  
Markov Chain ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Markov Chain Model ◽  
Mac Protocols ◽  
Protocol Design ◽  
Network Throughput ◽  
Chain Model

This paper discusses the problems that may be encountered in a multi-channel MAC protocol design. Furthermore, the normalization network throughput of multi-channel MAC is analyzed based on a Markov chain model. The simulation shows that compared to single channel 802.11, multi-channel MAC can improve the normalization network throughput. Moreover, the greater is the number of divided sub-channels, the higher is the normalization network throughput.

Optimal broadcast scheduling method for VANETs: An adaptive discrete firefly approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 8125-8137
Author(s):  
Jackson J Christy ◽  
D Rekha ◽  
V Vijayakumar ◽  
Glaucio H.S. Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Transportation System ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Cuckoo Search ◽  
Cuckoo Search Algorithm ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Scheduling Problem ◽  
Broadcast Scheduling

Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANET) are thought-about as a mainstay in Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). For an efficient vehicular Adhoc network, broadcasting i.e. sharing a safety related message across all vehicles and infrastructure throughout the network is pivotal. Hence an efficient TDMA based MAC protocol for VANETs would serve the purpose of broadcast scheduling. At the same time, high mobility, influential traffic density, and an altering network topology makes it strenuous to form an efficient broadcast schedule. In this paper an evolutionary approach has been chosen to solve the broadcast scheduling problem in VANETs. The paper focusses on identifying an optimal solution with minimal TDMA frames and increased transmissions. These two parameters are the converging factor for the evolutionary algorithms employed. The proposed approach uses an Adaptive Discrete Firefly Algorithm (ADFA) for solving the Broadcast Scheduling Problem (BSP). The results are compared with traditional evolutionary approaches such as Genetic Algorithm and Cuckoo search algorithm. A mathematical analysis to find the probability of achieving a time slot is done using Markov Chain analysis.

scholarly journals A Poisson Process-Based Random Access Channel for 5G and Beyond Networks

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 508
Author(s):  
Alaa Omran Almagrabi ◽  
Rashid Ali ◽  
Daniyal Alghazzawi ◽  
Abdullah AlBarakati ◽  
Tahir Khurshaid
Keyword(s):  
Poisson Process ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Channel Access ◽  
Access Channel ◽  
Machine Type Communications ◽  
Equal Chance ◽  
Random Access Channel ◽  
Access Mechanisms

The 5th generation (5G) wireless networks propose to address a variety of usage scenarios, such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). Due to the exponential increase in the user equipment (UE) devices of wireless communication technologies, 5G and beyond networks (B5G) expect to support far higher user density and far lower latency than currently deployed cellular technologies, like long-term evolution-Advanced (LTE-A). However, one of the critical challenges for B5G is finding a clever way for various channel access mechanisms to maintain dense UE deployments. Random access channel (RACH) is a mandatory procedure for the UEs to connect with the evolved node B (eNB). The performance of the RACH directly affects the performance of the entire network. Currently, RACH uses a uniform distribution-based (UD) random access to prevent a possible network collision among multiple UEs attempting to access channel resources. However, in a UD-based channel access, every UE has an equal chance to choose a similar contention preamble close to the expected value, which causes an increase in the collision among the UEs. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a Poisson process-based RACH (2PRACH) alternative to a UD-based RACH. A Poisson process-based distribution, such as exponential distribution, disperses the random preambles between two bounds in a Poisson point method, where random variables occur continuously and independently with a constant parametric rate. In this way, our proposed 2PRACH approach distributes the UEs in a probability distribution of a parametric collection. Simulation results show that the shift of RACH from UD-based channel access to a Poisson process-based distribution enhances the reliability and lowers the network’s latency.

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