A Review of Russian Snow Avalanche Models—From Analytical Solutions to Novel 3D Models

The article is a review of mathematical models of snow avalanches that have been proposed since the middle of the 20th century and are still in use. The main attention is paid to the work of researchers from the Soviet Union and Russia, since many of their works were published only in Russian and are not widely available. Mathematical models of various levels of complexity for avalanches of various types—from dense to powder-snow avalanches—are discussed. Analytical solutions including formulas for the avalanche front speed are described. The results of simulations of the movement of avalanches are given that were used to create avalanche hazard maps. The last part of the article is devoted to constructing models of a new type, in which avalanches are considered as laminar or turbulent flows of non-Newtonian fluids, using the full (not depth-averaged) equations of continuum mechanics. The results of a numerical study of the effect of non-Newtonian rheology and mass entrainment on the avalanche dynamics are presented.

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Mathematical models for the numerical study of turbulent flows

Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers ◽

10.1080/02533839.1988.9677049 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 121-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Tom I‐Ping Shih

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Models ◽

Turbulent Flows ◽

Numerical Study

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The krushchkevka and the dom kultura: urban lifestyles in a rural setting

SHS Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/shsconf/20196308001 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 63 ◽

pp. 08001 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Oksana Zhukova ◽

Simon Bell

Keyword(s):

Soviet Union ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

First Generation ◽

3D Models ◽

Rural Setting ◽

Soviet Regime ◽

Urban Forms ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

The Baltic ◽

Aided Design

Collectivisation in the Soviet Union, including the Baltic States, involved many aspects related to living conditions and architecture. One of the dominant images of village centres in Estonia and Latvia is that of the standardised urban forms of blocks of flats and other buildings such as schools and administrative buildings. On collectivisation, new village centres arose, promising “Urban lifestyles in a rural setting”. There are very few designs for blocks of flats – standardisation came in with Krushchev and the first generation of flats built of white brick became known as Krushchevki. Alongside these were buildings to serve as places where the new Soviet cultural activities could take place – the Dom Kultura which, in contrast to the standard flats, was often of a special one-off design. These can often be found to be abandoned and derelict nowadays, since they have no function and represented the Soviet regime. The objective of this study was to examine the plans and initial proposals for several kolkhoz centres and, using computer aided-design, to recreate 3D models of the building ensemble as it was originally planned, to compare this to what was actually built and to what remains now and the extent to which they are still used. We found that while the standard flats were built according to plan, external landscape features were often omitted. The unique designs of the culture houses often contained many interesting Modernist or even post-modernist features but changed during construction and were often built of poor materials and finishes. They were vandalised, robbed of materials and are now abandoned in many cases. Their architects often went on to make a post-Soviet career and there is considerable interest in their designs. They represent a lost legacy of the period.

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Dudley Brian Spalding. 9 January 1923—27 November 2016

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society ◽

10.1098/rsbm.2018.0024 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 66 ◽

pp. 377-402 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Brian E. Launder ◽

Suhas V. Patankar ◽

Andrew Pollard

Keyword(s):

Mass Transfer ◽

Soviet Union ◽

Heat And Mass Transfer ◽

Turbulent Flows ◽

Physical Modelling ◽

Research Community ◽

Russian Language ◽

Two Phase ◽

Founding Editor ◽

The Soviet Union

Over a remarkably productive professional life Brian Spalding largely shaped the development of numerical procedures for computing complex turbulent flows. He created a major software company, CHAM, through which the fruits of his group's research could be made available to industry and other research groups across the globe. Thus, he became the outstanding founding figure in the subject now called computational fluid dynamics (CFD). His contributions were by no means limited to strategies for converting systems of non-linear partial differential equations to forms suitable for computer solution; he also brought notable innovations to the physical modelling of combustion, turbulence and two-phase flows. Besides research, he engaged deeply with the research community in heat and mass transfer, becoming a founding editor of two international journals in these areas, and a principal driver behind the creation of the International Centre for Heat and Mass Transfer in Belgrade. He also served as the inaugural scientific chairman of the European Research Community on Flow, Turbulence and Combustion. He led a protracted and ultimately successful campaign to enable Veniamin Levich to leave the Soviet Union to settle in Israel. Outside of his technical work, his principal passions were poetry and the Russian language, which were intertwined in several published volumes.

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Change in Transverse Slope of Water Surface at River Bend: A Numerical Study

Journal of Engineering Science ◽

10.3329/jes.v12i2.54634 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 93-101

Author(s):

Priyata Rahman ◽

Md Shahjahan Ali

Keyword(s):

Turbulent Flows ◽

Water Surface ◽

River Flow ◽

Numerical Study ◽

Flow Behavior ◽

Flow Simulation ◽

3D Models ◽

Radius Of Curvature ◽

Secondary Current ◽

Transverse Slope

Generation of secondary current in a meandering river flow due to the centrifugal force acting on the bend is three dimensional (3D) in nature. But in case of practical problems like alluvial geomorphic processes, 3D models are not proved to be efficient. Hence, two dimensional (2D) models are generally adopted for such problems. This study offers a presentation of numerical simulation results for turbulent flows around bends of a meandering channel for different meander angles. 2D models were built by the use of iRIC Nays2DH solver for flow simulation of 45˚, 90˚, 135˚, 180˚ meandering bends with varying widths of 0.15m, 0.25m, 0.75m, 1.00m, 1.25m and 1.50m considering constant Froude number with constant meandering length (ML/W) and constant radius of curvature (R/W). Zero equation model was used as turbulence closure with finite differential advections as upwind scheme. The flow behavior has been studied at the apex and cross over portions of bends. From the simulation, the velocity at outer bank was found to be lower than that of the inner bank while the water surface elevation was found to be higher than that of the inner bank. Increase in transverse slope of water surface at bend was observed for increasing meander angles, Froude numbers and decreasing channel widths. Journal of Engineering Science 12(2), 2021, 93-101

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