scholarly journals Assessing Drinking Water Quality at the Point of Collection and within Household Storage Containers in the Hilly Rural Areas of Mid and Far-Western Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2172 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Daniel ◽  
Arnt Diener ◽  
Jack van de Vossenberg ◽  
Madan Bhatta ◽  
Sara J. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Storage Container ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Storage Containers

Accurate assessments of drinking water quality, household hygenic practices, and the mindset of the consumers are critical for developing effective water intervention strategies. This paper presents a microbial quality assessment of 512 samples from household water storage containers and 167 samples from points of collection (POC) in remote rural communities in the hilly area of western Nepal. We found that 81% of the stored drinking water samples (mean log10 of all samples = 1.16 colony-forming units (CFU)/100 mL, standard deviation (SD) = 0.84) and 68% of the POC samples (mean log10 of all samples = 0.57 CFU/100 mL, SD = 0.86) had detectable E. coli. The quality of stored water was significantly correlated with the quality at the POC, with the majority (63%) of paired samples showing a deterioration in quality post-collection. Locally applied household water treatment (HWT) methods did not effectively improve microbial water quality. Among all household sanitary inspection questions, only the presence of livestock near the water storage container was significantly correlated with its microbial contamination. Households’ perceptions of their drinking water quality were mostly influenced by the water’s visual appearance, and these perceptions in general motivated their use of HWT. Improving water quality within the distribution network and promoting safer water handling practices are proposed to reduce the health risk due to consumption of contaminated water in this setting.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of a Risk-Based Intervention on Piped Water Quality in Rural Communities: The Case of Mid-Western Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorian Tosi Robinson ◽  
Ariane Schertenleib ◽  
Bal Kunwar ◽  
Rubika Shrestha ◽  
Madan Bhatta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Microbial Water Quality ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
The Impact

Ensuring universal access to safe drinking water is a global challenge, especially in rural areas. This research aimed to assess the effectiveness of a risk-based strategy to improve drinking water safety for five gravity-fed piped schemes in rural communities of the Mid-Western Region of Nepal. The strategy was based on establishing community-led monitoring of the microbial water quality and the sanitary status of the schemes. The interventions examined included field-robust laboratories, centralized data management, targeted infrastructure improvements, household hygiene and filter promotion, and community training. The results indicate a statistically significant improvement in the microbial water quality eight months after intervention implementation, with the share of taps and household stored water containers meeting the international guidelines increasing from 7% to 50% and from 17% to 53%, respectively. At the study endline, all taps had a concentration of <10 CFU Escherichia coli/100 mL. These water quality improvements were driven by scheme-level chlorination, improved hygiene behavior, and the universal uptake of household water treatment. Sanitary inspection tools did not predict microbial water quality and, alone, are not sufficient for decision making. Implementation of this risk-based water safety strategy in remote rural communities can support efforts towards achieving universal water safety.

Household Water Storage Management, Hygiene Practices, and Associated Drinking Water Quality in Rural India

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 4963-4973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L. McGuinness ◽  
Joanne O’Toole ◽  
S. Fiona Barker ◽  
Andrew B. Forbes ◽  
Thomas B. Boving ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Storage Management ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Household Water

scholarly journals Investigation on the Effect of Household Water Treatment Plants on the Drinking Water Quality of Ilam City

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heshmatollah Nourmoradi ◽  
Neda Karami ◽  
Soraya Karami ◽  
Sajad Mazloomi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Household Water

scholarly journals Drinking water quality and solar disinfection: Effectiveness in peri-urban households in Nepal

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rochelle C. Rainey ◽  
Anna K. Harding
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Solar Disinfection ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Storage Containers

The study examined pH, turbidity and fecal contamination of drinking water from household water storage containers, wells and taps, and the Godawari River, and tested the effectiveness of solar disinfection (SODIS) in reducing levels of fecal contamination from household containers. The research was conducted in 40 households in a village 6 km outside the capital city of Kathmandu, Nepal. Three rounds of data were collected: a baseline in March 2002 followed by training in solar disinfection, and follow-ups in June and July 2002. Untreated drinking water was found to have levels of contamination ranging from 0 to too numerous to count fecal coliform CFU 100 ml−1. Source water was significantly more contaminated than water from the household storage containers. Wells were less contaminated than taps. SODIS reduced the level of contamination under household conditions. Turbidity from taps was above 30 NTU in the rainy season, above the maximum for effective solar disinfection. SODIS was routinely adopted by only 10% of the participating households during the study.

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