Fethiye Bölgesinde Açıkta Satılan Tüketime Hazır Bazı Gıdalarda Koliform Bakteri Sayısının Belirlenmesi

Since coliform bacteria are common both in the intestine and in nature (soil, plant, etc.), they are considered as a sanitation indicator in the food industry. It is known that the majority of bacteria defined as fecal coliform in the coliform group are Escherichia coli. The presence of E. coli or fecal coliform bacteria in any sample is an indication that the necessary hygienic measures are not taken during production, storage, and sale. That means the sample is directly or indirectly contaminated with faeces, and/or other intestinal pathogens may also exist. In this study, raw milk, freshly squeezed fruit juices, unpackaged ice cream, shaved ice, and ice-cold samples were purchased from the famous touristic destination Fethiye and analyzed for coliform bacteria. For this purpose, the samples were purchased from local marketplaces, buffets, cafes, patisseries, restaurants, and roadsides at Fethiye. In total 60 samples were analyzed using Violet Red Bile (VRB) Agar. The results of coliform bacteria ranged

Assessment of Quality of Ground Water Body of Neelangarai and Triplicane Area in Chennai, Tamil Nadu in The Post Inundation Circumstances

Although flood hit the entire part of Chennai, Tamil nadu some three years ago, the quality of water is still found to be worse because of major inundation in these areas. The current inspection deals with the physico-chemical analysis of the ground water samples collected from ten locations in Neelangarai and Triplicane area in Chennai, Tamil Nadu and assessed using Heber Water Quality Index (HWQI) in the post tsunami circumstances. The factors examined were pH, fecal coliform, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and turbidity. In addition to these parameters, pointers like electrical conductivity and salinity were also taken into consideration. The over all HWQI outcomes for all the trials in Neelangarai area were determined between 65.02 and 72.25 and Triplicane area was 66.64 - 70.71, which suggest that all the samples are medium to good in quality and could used for human consumption.

ENHANCE THE QUALITATIVE SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF BOVINE MILK BY USING (Hibiscus sabdariffa)

Bovine milk is one of the richest nutrients that contain minerals and vitamins that enhance immunity, especially in children, but because many children do not want to drink the raw milk, therefore this study aimed to enhance the sensory characteristics of raw milk by using hibiscus plant extract, which is characterized by red color and distinctive flavor as well as studying the effect of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa on inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, by using three concentrations of the aqueous extract (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%), where the statistical results showed a significant difference (P≤0.05) between the concentrations in color, texture and general acceptance, and the best results appeared when using a concentration of 1.0%, while the results showed an insignificant difference in flavor values with different concentrations of the extract added to milk, Because the hibiscus plant, it is considered an acidic plant, which affected the degree of acceptance of the product. As for the inhibition of the growth of microorganisms, the results showed that the growth of microorganisms was inhibited after keeping in refrigeration for 24 hours, where the growth of the total number of bacteria was inhibited to (6 × 10-7), while we note a decrease in colon bacteria to (2 ×10-6) either Fecal coliform bacteria, the result showed a decrease in numbers to (2×10-4), then was noticed a slight decrease in numbers continuously after incubation for 7 days in the refrigerator, where the results showed a decrease in the total number of bacteria (1×10-7) and coliform bacteria (1×10-6) while for fecal coliform was (1×10-4).

USE OF NON-LINEAR AUTOREGRESSIVE MODEL (NAR) TO FORECAST THE FUTURE HEALTH OF SHRIMP FARM

Microbial load in terms of Total Coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC) were documented in the water of a shrimp culture farm at Malancha region of North 24 Parganas for a period of 36 years (1984-2019). The region receives the wastewater from the city of Kolkata. A steady hike in the microbial load (comprising of both total and fecal coliform) is noticed. The primary reason behind this rise of the microbial load is the run-off from the nearby landmasses that brings various types of wastes in the shrimp farm under investigation. The sustainability of shrimp farms in this region is under question due to the huge microbial load as revealed from the output of NAR.

Water Quality Analyses: Evidence from River Gashua and Some Selected Groundwater Sources in Gashua, Nigeria

The interface between surface water and groundwater is becoming more complex owing to the effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities these days. In this study, the physicochemical; pH, color, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and turbidity while bacteriological parameters; total and fecal coliform of water samples from River Gashua and its surrounding wells in Gashua local government area of Yobe State were assessed. All the physicochemical parameters were analyzed using water quality standards. Fecal and total coliforms were assayed using the filter membrane technique. The results obtained from the physicochemical parameters of Boreholes (BH1, BH2, and BH3) and hand pump wells (HPW1, HPW2, and HPW3) are within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. However, the river (R) water sample was found to have a high concentration in total dissolved solids, turbidity, and color than permissible standards. Bacteriological analysis revealed the presence of total and fecal coliform in the water samples; R, BH2, BH3, HPW1, HPW2, and HPW3. The findings indicate that there is a need to protect the quality of the river system. Therefore, it is recommended that government and other stakeholders should take appropriate and corrective actions to avert the continuous discharge of waste products into the river. Again, Yobe State Ministry of Environment should ensure that all public boreholes are routinely subjected to appropriate water assays to ascertain their suitability for human consumption.

Analysis of Sea Pollution by Sewage from Vessels

In this study, we analysed the sea pollution caused by sewage from vessels. The Dubrovnik aquatorium was chosen as a typical sea area that accommodates a variety of vessels in different locations. We sampled the sea at eight different coastal locations over 14 months and then analysed the samples to determine the presence of the indicators of fecal pollution. Simultaneous with the sampling of the sea, we recorded the number and type of vessels accommodated at the port. These data were applied in chi-square tests, which were used to determine the existence of the relationship of certain types of vessels with fecal coliform bacteria in the sea for each location. The correlation was determined between smaller vessels such as boats, yachts, megayachts, and smaller cruise ships in national navigation with bacteria at sea at the sampling locations. The results can provide an improved understanding of sea pollution due to sewage from vessels.

Strategi Peningkatan Kualitas Air Sungai: Studi Kasus Sungai Sani

ENGLISHApart from supporting irrigation systems, The Sani River has become a source of raw water for a water treatment company called PDAM Tirta Bening to provide clean water to the community. The purpose of this study was to investigate the water quality of the Sani River and formulate priority strategies for improving water quality according to the conditions of the Sani River. This research uses the descriptive-analytic method. Data were obtained from the document of Pati Regency Environmental Service, interviews, field observations, and questionnaires. To determine water quality, this study compared the test result with the water quality standards. Meanwhile, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) became a tool to formulate strategic priorities. The result was TSS in the downstream, BOD, COD, and total phosphate from upstream to downstream, fecal coliform in the middle and downstream, and total coliform in the downstream conditions have exceeded water quality standard. The concentration of Dissolved Oxygen from upstream to downstream was <4 mg/L so it did not comply with the standard. The alternative strategies to improve included increasing community participation, increasing collaboration among stakeholders, supervision and law enforcement, environmental quality monitoring, and river normalization. INDONESIASungai Sani berfungsi dalam irigasi dan sumber air baku untuk PDAM Tirta Bening. Sungai ini termasuk sungai prioritas yang digunakan dalam perhitungan Indeks Kualitas Air Kabupaten Pati. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kualitas air Sungai Sani dan merumuskan prioritas strategi peningkatan kualitas air yang sesuai dengan kondisi Sungai Sani. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitik. Data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dari dokumen hasil uji Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kabupaten Pati, hasil wawancara, observasi lapangan, dan pengisian kuesioner. Metode analisis data untuk mengetahui kualitas air adalah dengan membandingkan data hasil uji dengan baku mutu air. Dalam merumuskan prioritas strategi, menggunakan Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Hasilnya adalah TSS di bagian hilir, BOD, COD, dan total fosfat dari hulu sampai ke hilir, fecal coliform di bagian tengah dan hilir, serta total coliform di bagian hilir kondisinya telah melebihi baku mutu air kelas II. Untuk DO, dari hulu sampai hilir konsentrasinya <4 mg/L sehingga tidak mencapai baku mutu air kelas II. Hasil analisis alternatif strategi peningkatan kualitas air Sungai Sani sesuai urutan adalah peningkatan peran serta masyarakat, peningkatan kerja sama antar stakeholder, pengawasan dan penegakan hukum, pemantauan kualitas lingkungan, dan normalisasi sungai.

Penanganan Parameter yang Hilang dalam Aplikasi Penilaian Kualitas Air IKA-INA

Kualitas air di suatu wilayah yang merupakan salah satu indikator lingkungan dapat dievaluasi menggunakan parameter fisika, kimia, dan biologi. Indeks Kualitas Air Indonesia (IKA-INA) dapat digunakan untuk menilai kondisi kualitas air secara menyeluruh pada lokasi dan waktu tertentu. IKA-INA dihitung dengan menggunakan sepuluh (10) parameter yaitu pH, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), NO3, NH3, Total Phosphate (TP) dan fecal coliform. IKA-INA tersebut merupakan indeks kualitas air yang dapat memberikan informasi secara sederhana. Dalam pemanfaatannya, tidak semua data parameter dalam IKA-INA tersebut dapat terpenuhi karena adanya data tidak valid atau data yang hilang. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk memberi alternatif rumusan IKA-INA dengan parameter yang tidak lengkap atau jika tidak semua data dalam parameters tersebut tersedia. Metode yang digunakan dalam menyusun rumusan adalah dengan melakukan koreksi faktor bobot parameter IKA-INA terhadap parameter yang hilang dan nilai Q (nilai sub-indeks). Setelah itu dilakukan uji coba pada nilai baku mutu air dalam Peraturan Pemerintah No. 22/2021 Lampiran VI serta pada data kualitas air sungai yang mewakili kualitas baik dan buruk. Hasil uji coba menunjukkan bahwa bobot parameter terkoreksi dapat digunakan untuk penanganan parameter yang hilang dalam penilaian kualitas air dengan metode IKA-INA. Hasil IKA-INA dengan parameter hilang yang menggunakan bobot terkoreksi dan hasil IKA-INA dengan parameter lengkap mayoritas memberikan status IKA yang tidak berbeda, kecuali untuk parameter fecal coli dan parameter yang mempunyai kadar jauh berbeda terhadap kondisi air secara keseluruhan.

IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE MICROBIAL LOAD OF MUD CRAB, SCYLLA SERRATA: A STUDY FROM SOUTH 24 PARGANAS DISTRICT OF WEST BENGAL, INDIA

This study was conducted to evaluate the microbial load in the flesh and gills of the mud crab (Scylla serrata) collected from the Nagendra Bazar area in Diamond Harbour in South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India. The period of collection coincided with the Pre-COVID-19 phase (June 2018 and June 2019) and the COVID lockdown phase (June 2020 and June 2021). It is observed that the total coliform loads in both muscle and gills are more in the pre-COVID phase compared to the COVID lockdown phase. ANOVA analysis also confirmed significant variations between years and body parts (muscle and gills) for both Total coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC) (p < 0.01). The present study is of considerable importance as crabs are consumed by local people as well as exported in several foreign countries like China, Singapore, Japan, and the U.S.A.