scholarly journals Bird Species Involved in West Nile Virus Epidemiological Cycle in Southern Québec

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludivine Taieb ◽  
Antoinette Ludwig ◽  
Nick H. Ogden ◽  
Robbin L. Lindsay ◽  
Mahmood Iranpour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
West Nile ◽  
House Sparrows ◽  
Priority List ◽  
Blood Meal Analysis ◽  
American Robins ◽  
Host Competence ◽  
The Us

Despite many studies on West Nile Virus (WNV) in the US, including the reservoir role of bird species and the summer shifts of the Culex mosquito, feeding from birds to mammals, there have been few equivalent studies in the neighboring regions of Canada where WNV is endemic. Here, a priority list of bird species likely involved in WNV transmission in the greater Montréal area is constructed by combining three sources of data: (i) from WNV surveillance in wild birds (2002–2015); (ii) blood meal analysis of Culex pipiens–restuans (CPR), the primary enzootic vectors of WNV in the region, collected from surveillance in 2008 and 2014; (iii) literature review on the sero-prevalence/host competence of resident birds. Each of these data sources yielded 18, 23 and 53 species, and overall, 67 different bird species were identified as potential WNV amplifiers/reservoirs. Of those identified from CPR blood meals, Common starlings, American robins, Song sparrows and House sparrows ranked the highest and blood meal analysis demonstrated a seasonal shift in feed preference from birds to mammals by CPR. Our study indicates that there are broad similarities in the ecology of WNV between our region and the northeastern US, although the relative importance of bird species varies somewhat between regions.

scholarly journals On the Fly: Interactions Between Birds, Mosquitoes, and Environment That Have Molded West Nile Virus Genomic Structure Over Two Decades

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1467-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha K Duggal ◽  
Kate E Langwig ◽  
Gregory D Ebel ◽  
Aaron C Brault
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
Avian Host ◽  
West Nile ◽  
House Sparrows ◽  
Host Competence

Abstract West Nile virus (WNV) was first identified in North America almost 20 yr ago. In that time, WNV has crossed the continent and established enzootic transmission cycles, resulting in intermittent outbreaks of human disease that have largely been linked with climatic variables and waning avian seroprevalence. During the transcontinental dissemination of WNV, the original genotype has been displaced by two principal extant genotypes which contain an envelope mutation that has been associated with enhanced vector competence by Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex tarsalis Coquillett vectors. Analyses of retrospective avian host competence data generated using the founding NY99 genotype strain have demonstrated a steady reduction in viremias of house sparrows over time. Reciprocally, the current genotype strains WN02 and SW03 have demonstrated an inverse correlation between house sparrow viremia magnitude and the time since isolation. These data collectively indicate that WNV has evolved for increased avian viremia while house sparrows have evolved resistance to the virus such that the relative host competence has remained constant. Intrahost analyses of WNV evolution demonstrate that selection pressures are avian species-specific and purifying selection is greater in individual birds compared with individual mosquitoes, suggesting that the avian adaptive and/or innate immune response may impose a selection pressure on WNV. Phylogenomic, experimental evolutionary systems, and models that link viral evolution with climate, host, and vector competence studies will be needed to identify the relative effect of different selective and stochastic mechanisms on viral phenotypes and the capacity of newly evolved WNV genotypes for transmission in continuously changing landscapes.

scholarly journals Animal and Human Vaccines against West Nile Virus

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1073
Author(s):  
Juan-Carlos Saiz
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Specific Therapy ◽  
Phase Iii Clinical Trials ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Status

West Nile virus (WNV) is a widely distributed enveloped flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes, which main hosts are birds. The virus sporadically infects equids and humans with serious economic and health consequences, as infected individuals can develop a severe neuroinvasive disease that can even lead to death. Nowadays, no WNV-specific therapy is available and vaccines are only licensed for use in horses but not for humans. While several methodologies for WNV vaccine development have been successfully applied and have contributed to significantly reducing its incidence in horses in the US, none have progressed to phase III clinical trials in humans. This review addresses the status of WNV vaccines for horses, birds, and humans, summarizing and discussing the challenges they face for their clinical advance and their introduction to the market.

scholarly journals 338. Analysis of Etiologies of Aseptic Meningitis within a Nation-Wide Hospital Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S239-S239
Author(s):  
Arunmozhi S Aravagiri ◽  
Scott Kubomoto ◽  
Ayutyanont Napatkamon ◽  
Sarah Wilson ◽  
Sudhakar Mallela
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Aseptic Meningitis ◽  
Epidemiologic Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Positive Test ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
The Us

Abstract Background Aseptic meningitis can be caused by an array of microorganisms, both bacterial and non-bacterial, as well as non-infectious conditions. Some etiologies of aseptic meningitis require treatment with antibiotics, antiviral, antifungals, anti-parasitic agents, immunosuppressants, and or chemotherapy. There are limited diagnostic tools for diagnosing certain types of aseptic meningitis, therefore knowing the differential causes of aseptic meningitis, and their relative percentages may assist in diagnosis. Review of the literature reveals that there are no recent studies of etiologies of aseptic meningitis in the United States (US). This is an epidemiologic study to delineate etiologies of aseptic meningitis in a large database of 185 HCA hospitals across the US. Methods Data was collected from January 2016 to December 2019 on all patients diagnosed with meningitis. CSF PCR studies, and CSF antibody tests were then selected for inclusion. Results Total number of encounters were 3,149 hospitalizations. Total number of individual labs analyzed was 10,613, and of these 262 etiologies were identified. 23.6% (62) of cases were due to enterovirus, 18.7% (49) due to HSV-2, 14.5% (38) due to West Nile virus, 13.7% (36) due to Varicella zoster (VZV), 10.5% (27) due to Cryptococcus. Additionally, we analyzed the rate of positive test results by region. Nationally, 9.7% of tests ordered for enterovirus were positive. In contrast, 0.5% of tests ordered for HSV 1 were positive. The southeastern United States had the highest rate of positive tests for HSV 2 (7% of tests ordered for HSV 2 were positive). The central United States had the highest rate of positive test for West Nile virus (11% of tests ordered for West Nile were positive). The northeastern region and the highest rate of positive tests for varicella zoster (18%). Table 1: Percentage of positive CSF tests (positive tests/tests ordered) Table 2: Lists the number of HIV patients and transplant patients that had positive CSF PCR/serologies Figure 1: Percentage of positive CSF tests in each region Conclusion Approximately 40% of aseptic meningitis population had treatable etiologies. A third of the Cryptococcus meningitis population had HIV. Furthermore, enteroviruses had the majority of cases within the US, which are similar to studies done in other parts of the world. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Experimental infection of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) with West Nile virus strains of lineages 1 and 2

2014 ◽  
Vol 172 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 542-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Del Amo ◽  
Francisco Llorente ◽  
Elisa Pérez-Ramirez ◽  
Ramón C. Soriguer ◽  
Jordi Figuerola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
House Sparrows ◽  
Virus Strains

Bird Species Potentially Involved in Introduction, Amplification, And Spread of West Nile Virus in A Mediterranean Wetland, The Camargue (Southern France)

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jourdain ◽  
Y. Toussaint ◽  
A. Leblond ◽  
D.J. Bicout ◽  
P. Sabatier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Southern France

scholarly journals DNA Vaccination of American Robins (Turdus migratorius) Against West Nile Virus

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Marm Kilpatrick ◽  
Alan P. Dupuis ◽  
Gwong-Jen J. Chang ◽  
Laura D. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Dna Vaccination ◽  
Turdus Migratorius ◽  
West Nile ◽  
American Robins
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