Animal and Human Vaccines against West Nile Virus

West Nile virus (WNV) is a widely distributed enveloped flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes, which main hosts are birds. The virus sporadically infects equids and humans with serious economic and health consequences, as infected individuals can develop a severe neuroinvasive disease that can even lead to death. Nowadays, no WNV-specific therapy is available and vaccines are only licensed for use in horses but not for humans. While several methodologies for WNV vaccine development have been successfully applied and have contributed to significantly reducing its incidence in horses in the US, none have progressed to phase III clinical trials in humans. This review addresses the status of WNV vaccines for horses, birds, and humans, summarizing and discussing the challenges they face for their clinical advance and their introduction to the market.

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Twenty Years of Progress Toward West Nile Virus Vaccine Development

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11090823 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 823 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Jaclyn A. Kaiser ◽

Alan D.T. Barrett

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Single Dose ◽

West Nile Virus ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Cumulative Number ◽

West Nile ◽

Transmitted Infection ◽

Large Outbreak ◽

Human Vaccine

Although West Nile virus (WNV) has been a prominent mosquito-transmitted infection in North America for twenty years, no human vaccine has been licensed. With a cumulative number of 24,714 neurological disease cases and 2314 deaths in the U.S. since 1999, plus a large outbreak in Europe in 2018 involving over 2000 human cases in 15 countries, a vaccine is essential to prevent continued morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. Currently, four veterinary vaccines are licensed, and six vaccines have progressed into clinical trials in humans. All four veterinary vaccines require multiple primary doses and annual boosters, but for a human vaccine to be protective and cost effective in the most vulnerable older age population, it is ideal that the vaccine be strongly immunogenic with only a single dose and without subsequent annual boosters. Of six human vaccine candidates, the two live, attenuated vaccines were the only ones that elicited strong immunity after a single dose. As none of these candidates have yet progressed beyond phase II clinical trials, development of new candidate vaccines and improvement of vaccination strategies remains an important area of research.

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COVID-19 vaccine development: What lessons can we learn from TB?

Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials ◽

10.1186/s12941-020-00402-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hussain A. Safar ◽

Abu Salim Mustafa ◽

Timothy D. McHugh

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Immunological Response ◽

Phase Iii ◽

Common Features ◽

Biological Features ◽

Phase Iii Clinical Trials ◽

The Common

AbstractAt the time of writing, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has infected more than 49 million people causing more than 1.2 million deaths worldwide since its emergence from Wuhan, China in December 2019. Vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 has drawn the global attention in order to stop the spread of the virus, with more than 10 vaccines being tested in phase III clinical trials, as of November 2020. However, critical to vaccine development is consideration of the immunological response elicited as well as biological features of the vaccine and both need to be evaluated thoroughly. Tuberculosis is also a major infectious respiratory disease of worldwide prevalence and the vaccine development for tuberculosis has been ongoing for decades. In this review, we highlight some of the common features, challenges and complications in tuberculosis vaccine development, which may also be relevant for, and inform, COVID-19 vaccine development.

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Current Clinical Trials Protocols and the Global Effort for Immunization against SARS-CoV-2

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines8030474 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 474 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gabriel N. A. Rego ◽

Mariana P. Nucci ◽

Arielly H. Alves ◽

Fernando A. Oliveira ◽

Luciana C. Marti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

United Arab Emirates ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Viral Vector ◽

Phase Iii ◽

Vector Method ◽

Phase Iii Clinical Trials ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Global Center ◽

The Usa

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the biggest health challenge of the 21st century, affecting millions of people globally. The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has ignited an unprecedented effort from the scientific community in the development of new vaccines on different platforms due to the absence of a broad and effective treatment for COVID-19 or prevention strategy for SARS-CoV-2 dissemination. Based on 50 current studies selected from the main clinical trial databases, this systematic review summarizes the global race for vaccine development against COVID-19. For each study, the main intervention characteristics, the design used, and the local or global center partnerships created are highlighted. Most vaccine developments have taken place in Asia, using a viral vector method. Two purified inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates, an mRNA-based vaccine mRNA1273, and the chimpanzee adenoviral vaccine ChAdOx1 are currently in phase III clinical trials in the respective countries Brazil, the United Arab Emirates, the USA, and the United Kingdom. These vaccines are being developed based on a quickly formed network of collaboration.

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An Update on the Leading COVID-19 Vaccines

Journal of Respiratory Infections ◽

10.18297/jri/vol5/iss1/2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ahmed Eladely ◽

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Vaccine Efficacy ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Vaccine Safety ◽

Clinical Development ◽

Phase Iii ◽

Phase Iii Clinical Trials

We reviewed the COVID-19 vaccines that reached phase III of clinical development. For each of the 10 vaccines identified, we described the technology used for vaccine development, the available data from phase III clinical trials, data on vaccine safety, and the role of new SARS-CoV-2 variants on vaccine efficacy.

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Stages in COVID-19 vaccine development: The Nemesis, the Hubris and the Elpis

International Journal of Clinical Virology ◽

10.29328/journal.ijcv.1001028 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 126-135

Author(s):

Nikhra Vinod

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Viral Vectors ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Phase Iii ◽

Vaccine Hesitancy ◽

Effective Vaccine ◽

Vaccine Candidates ◽

Phase Iii Clinical Trials ◽

And Control

The nemesis: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: Leaving in its wake millions of infections, accompanied by an immense magnitude of morbidity and multitude of mortality, and an unfathomable economic toll, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a global calamity. An effective and safe COVID-19 vaccine is urgently needed to prevent the disease, thwart the complications and avert deaths resulting from unrestrained transmission of the infection. The hubris: Vaccine development: While most of the platforms of vaccine candidates have focused on the spike (S) protein and its variants as the primary antigen of COVID-19 infection, various techniques involved include nucleic acid technologies (RNA and DNA), non-replicating viral vectors, peptides, recombinant proteins, live attenuated and inactivated viruses. There are novel vaccine technologies being developed using next-generation strategies for precision and flexibility for antigen manipulation relating to SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms. The elpis: Updates and prospects: There were nine different technology platforms under research and development to create an effective vaccine against COVID 19. Although there are no licensed vaccines against COVID-19 yet, there are various potential vaccine candidates under development and advanced clinical trials. Out of them, one having undergone phase III clinical trials, has become available in some countries for use among the high-risk groups following emergency use authorization. Other COVID-19 vaccines may soon follow the suit. Conclusion: Hopes and concerns: The hope of benefiting from the vaccine to the extent that it may be the only way to tide over and control the COVID-19 pandemic, is accompanied by the likely fear of adverse effects and opposition in public for COVID-19 vaccination, including the vaccine hesitancy. Further, there is concern among scientific circles that vaccine may have opposite of the desired effect by causing antibody-dependent disease enhancement.

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