scholarly journals Development of a Simple ImageJ-Based Method for Dynamic Blood Flow Tracking in Zebrafish Embryos and Its Application in Drug Toxicity Evaluation

Inventions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiorency Santoso ◽  
Bonifasius Putera Sampurna ◽  
Yu-Heng Lai ◽  
Sung-Tzu Liang ◽  
Erwei Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Blood Flow Velocity ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Cardiovascular Function ◽  
Zebrafish Embryos

This study aimed to develop a simple and cost-effective method to measure blood flow in zebrafish by using an image-based approach. Three days post fertilization (dpf) zebrafish embryos were mounted with methylcellulose and subjected to video recording for tracking blood flow under an inverted microscope equipped with a high-speed CCD camera. In addition, Hoffman lens was used to enhance the blood cell contrast. The red blood cell movement was tracked by using the TrackMate plug-in in the ImageJ image processing program. Moreover, Stack Difference and Time Series Analyzer plug-in were used to detect dynamic pixel changes over time to calculate the blood flow rate. In addition to blood flow velocity and heart rate, the effect of drug treatments on other cardiovascular function parameters, such as stroke volume and cardiac output remains to be explored. Therefore, by using this method, the potential side effects on the cardiovascular performance of ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate (MS222) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) were evaluated. MS222 is a common anesthetic, while IBMX is a naturally occurring methylxanthine. Compared to normal embryos, MS222- and IBMX-treated embryos had a reduced blood flow velocity by approximately 72% and 58%, respectively. This study showed that MS222 significantly decreased the heart rate, whereas IBMX increased the heart rate. Moreover, it also demonstrated that MS222 treatment reduced 50% of the stroke volume and cardiac output. While IBMX decreased the stroke volume only. The results are in line with previous studies that used expensive instruments and complicated software analysis to assess cardiovascular function. In conclusion, a simple and low-cost method can be used to study blood flow in zebrafish embryos for compound screening. Furthermore, it could provide a precise measurement of clinically relevant cardiac functions, specifically heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output.

Abstract 13868: Effects of Chronic Electronic Cigarette Vapor Exposures on the Cardiovascular Function in Rats

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wangde Dai ◽  
Jianru Shi ◽  
Juan Carreno ◽  
Lifu zhao ◽  
Michael T Kleinman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Femoral Artery ◽  
Blood Flow Velocity ◽  
Cardiovascular Function ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Left Ventricular

Background: We investigated the effects of chronic electronic cigarettes with nicotine (E-Cig) exposure on cardiovascular function in rats. Methods: Adult Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to either pure air (n=10) or E-Cig (n=14) for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks of exposure, flow-mediated vasodilation was measured in anesthetized rats with ultrasound to measure femoral artery diameter. Femoral artery flow velocity was measured before and 5 minutes after reperfusion of a 5-minute femoral artery occlusion. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiogram. A Millar catheter was used to record systemic arterial and LV pressures. Cardiac output was measured using a themodilution catheter. Results: The femoral artery internal diameter and blood flow velocity were comparable between the 2 groups before and after artery occlusion. However, in the E-cig group, blood flow velocity significantly decreased from 55.5 ± 5.2 cm/s prior to occlusion to 41.3 ± 4.1 cm/s after reperfusion (p = 0.005); it remained similar prior to (47.8 ± 3.4 cm/s) and after (47.8 ± 5.5 cm/s) occlusion in the air group. There were no statistically significant differences in left ventricular diastolic and systolic dimensions, LV fractional shortening, heart rate or mean blood pressure (80 ± 3 mmHg in air and 79 ± 5 mmHg in E-cig group) , LV end-diastolic pressure (Ped), end-systolic pressure (Pes), peak -dP/dt, Tau, or cardiac output (48.3 ± 3.3 ml/min in air and 47.6 ± 3.9 ml/min in E-cig group) between the E-Cig and the pure air group. There was a trend toward a reduction in peak LV +dP /dt in the E-Cig group (5574 ± 341 mmHg/s) compared to the air group (6166 ± 238 mmHg/s). LV weight and wall thickness were similar between groups. Conclusions: Twelve weeks of E-Cig exposure did not affect heart rate or blood pressure; but did tend to reduce contractility. E-cigarette exposure slowed the flow-mediated blood flow velocity probably at a microvascular level, possibly by altering endothelial function.

Peripheral Vascular Effects and Pharmacokinetics of the Antimigraine Compound, Zolmitriptan, in Combination with Oral Ergotamine in Healthy Volunteers

Cephalalgia ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Dixon ◽  
HB Meire ◽  
DH Evans ◽  
H Watt ◽  
N On ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Blood Flow Velocity ◽  
Systolic Pressure ◽  
Arterial Diameter ◽  
Vascular Effects ◽  
Double Blind

Members of the new class of antimigraine compounds, 5HT1B/1D agonists, as well as ergotamine, may cause vasoconstriction through stimulation of 5HT receptors on peripheral vessels. The cardiovascular effects of 20 mg oral zolmitriptan (Zomig, formerly 311C90), 2 mg oral ergotamine and the combination were assessed in a randomized double-blind, placebo-corirolled crossover study in 12 healthy subjects. Pharmacodynamic measures included oscillometric blood pressure, systolic blood pressure at the toe and arm using a strain gauge technique, stroke volume and cardiac output using bioimpedance cardiography, high-resolution ultrasound to measure brachial arterial diameter and a novel Doppler method to measure blood flow velocity. Both drugs produced small degrees of peripheral vasoconstriction, including increases in diastolic blood pressure and blood flow velocity and decreases in arterial diameter and toe-arm systolic pressure gradient. These effects were generally additive with the combination but of no clinical importance. There were no significant changes in cardiac output, stroke volume heart rate or ECG. Zolmitriptan, at eight times the likely therapeutic dose, was generally well tolerated both alone and in combination with ergotamine. Ergotamine had no clinically important effects on zolmitriptan pharmacokinetics. Ergotamine, migraine, peripheral vasculature, pharmacokinetics, zolmitriptan

Leg crossing with muscle tensing, a physical counter-manoeuvre to prevent syncope, enhances leg blood flow

2007 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan T. Groothuis ◽  
Nynke van Dijk ◽  
Walter ter Woerds ◽  
Wouter Wieling ◽  
Maria T. E. Hopman
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Orthostatic Intolerance ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Haemodynamic Effects ◽  
Vascular Conductance ◽  
Leg Blood Flow ◽  
Head Up Tilt

In patients with orthostatic intolerance, the mechanisms to maintain BP (blood pressure) fail. A physical counter-manoeuvre to postpone or even prevent orthostatic intolerance in these patients is leg crossing combined with muscle tensing. Although the central haemodynamic effects of physical counter-manoeuvres are well documented, not much is known about the peripheral haemodynamic events. Therefore the purpose of the present study was to examine the peripheral haemodynamic effects of leg crossing combined with muscle tensing during 70° head-up tilt. Healthy subjects (n=13) were monitored for 10 min in the supine position followed by 10 min in 70° head-up tilt and, finally, for 2 min of leg crossing with muscle tensing in 70° head-up tilt. MAP (mean arterial BP), heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance were measured continuously by Portapres. Leg blood flow was measured using Doppler ultrasound. Leg vascular conductance was calculated as leg blood flow/MAP. A significant increase in MAP (13 mmHg), stroke volume (27%) and cardiac output (18%), a significant decrease in heart rate (−5 beats/min) and no change in total peripheral resistance during the physical counter-manoeuvre were observed when compared with baseline 70° head-up tilt. A significant increase in leg blood flow (325 ml/min) and leg vascular conductance (2.9 arbitrary units) were seen during the physical counter-manoeuvre when compared with baseline 70° head-up tilt. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the physical counter-manoeuvre of leg crossing combined with muscle tensing clearly enhances leg blood flow and, at the same time, elevates MAP.

The influence of heart rate and age on diastolic blood flow velocity in the left ventricular inflow tract

1989 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 339-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ina van Dam ◽  
Ben Delemarre ◽  
Jeroen Hopman ◽  
Theo de Boo ◽  
Cuno Uiterwaal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Blood Flow Velocity ◽  
Left Ventricular

Alterations in cerebral autoregulation and cerebral blood flow velocity during acute hypoxia: rest and exercise

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (2) ◽  
pp. H976-H983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip N. Ainslie ◽  
Alice Barach ◽  
Carissa Murrell ◽  
Mike Hamlin ◽  
John Hellemans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Blood Flow Velocity ◽  
Cerebral Autoregulation ◽  
Cerebral Oxygenation ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Cerebrovascular Function ◽  
Hypoxic Exercise

We examined the relationship between changes in cardiorespiratory and cerebrovascular function in 14 healthy volunteers with and without hypoxia [arterial O2 saturation (SaO2) ∼80%] at rest and during 60–70% maximal oxygen uptake steady-state cycling exercise. During all procedures, ventilation, end-tidal gases, heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (BP; Finometer) cardiac output (Modelflow), muscle and cerebral oxygenation (near-infrared spectroscopy), and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (MCAV; transcranial Doppler ultrasound) were measured continuously. The effect of hypoxia on dynamic cerebral autoregulation was assessed with transfer function gain and phase shift in mean BP and MCAV. At rest, hypoxia resulted in increases in ventilation, progressive hypocapnia, and general sympathoexcitation (i.e., elevated HR and cardiac output); these responses were more marked during hypoxic exercise ( P < 0.05 vs. rest) and were also reflected in elevation of the slopes of the linear regressions of ventilation, HR, and cardiac output with SaO2 ( P < 0.05 vs. rest). MCAV was maintained during hypoxic exercise, despite marked hypocapnia (44.1 ± 2.9 to 36.3 ± 4.2 Torr; P < 0.05). Conversely, hypoxia both at rest and during exercise decreased cerebral oxygenation compared with muscle. The low-frequency phase between MCAV and mean BP was lowered during hypoxic exercise, indicating impairment in cerebral autoregulation. These data indicate that increases in cerebral neurogenic activity and/or sympathoexcitation during hypoxic exercise can potentially outbalance the hypocapnia-induced lowering of MCAV. Despite maintaining MCAV, such hypoxic exercise can potentially compromise cerebral autoregulation and oxygenation.

scholarly journals Cerebral blood flow velocity during passive heat stress in man: influence of stroke volume

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D Nelson ◽  
Mark J Haykowsky ◽  
Michael K Stickland ◽  
Kurt J Smith ◽  
Chris K Willie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Blood Flow Velocity ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity

Activation in the region of parabrachial nucleus elicits neurogenically mediated coronary vasoconstriction

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (5) ◽  
pp. H1585-H1596 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Miller ◽  
M. L. Marcus ◽  
M. J. Brody ◽  
D. D. Gutterman
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Blood Flow Velocity ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Parabrachial Nucleus ◽  
Coronary Vasoconstriction ◽  
Coronary Blood Flow Velocity

A role for parabrachial nucleus in cardiovascular regulation is suggested by evidence that electrical stimulation in this region elicits increase in heart rate and arterial pressure. We hypothesized that parabrachial nucleus may also be involved in control of coronary vasomotor tone. After beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in anesthetized cats, electrical stimulation in the region of parabrachial nucleus produced no change in heart rate, an increase in arterial pressure (34 +/- 6 mmHg), and a transient reduction in coronary blood flow velocity (-21 +/- 2%). Coronary resistance (72 +/- 9%) and femoral resistance (189 +/- 31%) increased markedly. The decrease in coronary blood flow velocity was abolished by stellate ganglionectomy or alpha 1-adrenergic blockade without altering pressor or femoral responses. Injection of the neurotransmitter L-glutamate or kainic acid into parabrachial nucleus also elicited coronary vasoconstriction. We conclude that electrical or chemical activation in the region of parabrachial nucleus elicits coronary vasoconstriction as part of a generalized sympathetic activation. The fact that the coronary response is elicited by chemical activation suggests that cell bodies in the region of medial parabrachial nucleus and subceruleus, as opposed to fibers of passage, are involved in this central neural coronary vasoconstriction.

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