scholarly journals Does the Methylene Blue Test Give Equally Satisfactory Results in All Studied Igneous Rocks Relative to the Identification of Swelling Clay Minerals?

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Panagiota P. Giannakopoulou ◽  
Petros Petrounias ◽  
Aikaterini Rogkala ◽  
Paraskevi Lampropoulou ◽  
Eleni Gianni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Igneous Rocks ◽  
Swelling Clay ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Intermediate Group ◽  
Group I ◽  
Methylene Blue Test ◽  
Swelling Clay Minerals

The presence or the absence of swelling clay minerals in rocks, which are used in various construction applications, constitutes a determinant factor for their strength, and consequently, in their general behavior in various construction applications, as they have the ability to swell up to 400 times of their usual volume, causing failures to any application in which they participate. The aim of this study is to respond to the question of whether the empirical method of methylene blue yields equally safe and correct results in different types of igneous rocks and if not, which is the determining factor affecting the results. The answer to this complex question is feasible by investigating the microscopic structure and the mineralogy of the studied rocks, and particularly, using the content of specific phyllosilicate minerals which may be related or not with the methylene blue values. According to the results, the methylene blue test seems to work correctly for the intermediate (Group I) and mafic (Group II) examined rocks, but it seems to be wrong for the highly serpentinized ultramafic rocks (up to 70% of serpentine) (Group III).

scholarly journals Evaluation of cretaceous limestones from the Aitoloakarnania province (Western Greece) for their use as road aggregates in terms of their content in swelling clay minerals

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1990
Author(s):  
I. Mpalatsas ◽  
I. Rigopoulos ◽  
B. Tsikouras ◽  
K. Hatzipanagiotou
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Swelling Clay ◽  
Methylene Blue Test ◽  
Engineering Parameters ◽  
Swelling Clay Minerals ◽  
Western Greece

The aim of this paper is to assess the suitability of a significant number of carbonate rocks from the Aitoloakarnania province (Western Greece) for their use as road construction aggregates, in terms of their content in swelling clay minerals. The study focuses on Cretaceous limestones from the Olonos-Pindos zone. Detailed petrographic analysis and the sand equivalent and methylene blue tests are carried out, in order to estimate the quantity of swelling clay minerals in aggregate particles. Special emphasis is given on correlating the results of the sand equivalent and methylene blue tests, as well as on the relationships between these engineering parameters and the petrographic data. The results are evaluated in accordance with the Greek and International suitability Standards for road construction aggregates. Although the results of the sand equivalent test indicate the suitability of the studied samples, the results of the methylene blue test imply that they are not suitable for use in all applications of road construction. Hence, it is proved that the methylene blue test is of fundamental importance for the determination of the lithotypes which are suitable for use as road aggregates in various applications.

SEPARATION OF SWELLING CLAY MINERALS BY A CENTRIFUGAL METHOD

1966 ◽  
pp. 407-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
DARRELL C. BUSH ◽  
RALPH E. JENKINS ◽  
STANLEY B. MCCALEB
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Swelling Clay ◽  
Centrifugal Method ◽  
Swelling Clay Minerals

Alteration of non-swelling clay minerals and magadiite by acid activation

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Steudel ◽  
L.F. Batenburg ◽  
H.R. Fischer ◽  
P.G. Weidler ◽  
K. Emmerich
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Acid Activation ◽  
Swelling Clay ◽  
Swelling Clay Minerals

scholarly journals Molecular Simulations of Swelling Clay Minerals

2004 ◽  
Vol 108 (23) ◽  
pp. 7586-7596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim J. Tambach ◽  
Emiel J. M. Hensen ◽  
Berend Smit
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Molecular Simulations ◽  
Swelling Clay ◽  
Swelling Clay Minerals

Interpretation of the infrared spectrum of the -clays: application to the evaluation of the layer charge

Clay Minerals ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Petit ◽  
D. Righi ◽  
J. Madejová ◽  
A. Decarreau
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectrum ◽  
Charge Density ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Ir Spectrum ◽  
Interlayer Space ◽  
Negative Charge ◽  
Swelling Clay ◽  
High Charge Density ◽  
Swelling Clay Minerals ◽  
Low Charge

AbstractThe IR spectra of -saturated smectites were examined in terms of their charge characteristics. The υ4 band near 1440 cm-1, observed in the DRIFTS spectra (obtained without use of a KBr matrix), was assigned to the vibrations of ions compensating the negative charge of the clays. When KBr was used as a diluting matrix, the υ4 band was located at 1400 and/or 1440 cm-1. The band at 1400 cm-1, related to NH4Br, originated from the replacement of in the clay by K+ from the KBr. For swelling clay minerals this band indicates that layers have permanent low charge density and/or variable charge. For non-swelling clay minerals, the 1400 cm-1 band characterizes the presence of variable charges only. The υ4 band at 1440 cm-1 suggests that in the clay was not replaced by K+ from KBr and remains in the interlayer space of the clay minerals. This absorption is due to compensating only permanent charge in the interlayers, or part of the interlayers with a high charge density. The presence of both bands at 1400 cm-1 and 1440 cm-1 in the IR spectrum suggests that the clays studied have a heterogeneous interlayer charge.

scholarly journals Avaliação in vitro da infiltração de corante após apicectomia e acabamento com diferentes tipos de brocas

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
Edela Puricelli ◽  
Deise Ponzoni ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Baraldi ◽  
Jorge Vianna Dias da Silva ◽  
Carlos Fernando Rozas Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Root Surfaces

Aims: evaluate the differences of infiltration by apical surface after apicoectomy and different kinds of root finishing. Materials and method: Sixty human cuspids were endodontically treated and received apicoectomy, and were divided in three alleatory groups. Group I received no finishing after the apicoectomy. Group II received standard multifluted bur finishing. Group III received the same finishing of group II, plus brunishing bur. Root surfaces and canal were coated with nail polishing except apical surface. The roots were immersed in 2% methylene blue for 72 hours. Infiltration in internal root surfaces was measured using millimetred magnifying glass by one "blind" examinator. Data were submitted to ANOVA. Results: Group I presented higher infiltration values than groups II and III. These two groups had no statistical difference, although group III showed lower values. Conclusions: finishing of apical surfaces after root resection using multifluted burs have reduced infiltration by dentine. Additional finishing using brunishing burs could even reduce the infiltration, with no statistically significant differences.

Kaolinization of 2:1 type clay minerals with different swelling properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 687-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shangying Li ◽  
Hongping He ◽  
Qi Tao ◽  
Jianxi Zhu ◽  
Wei Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Mineral Particle ◽  
Transformation Mechanism ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Swelling Clay ◽  
Intermediate Phases ◽  
Swelling Clay Minerals ◽  
Study Laboratory

Abstract Kaolinization of 2:1 type clay minerals commonly occurs in the supergene environments of the Earth, which plays critical roles in many geochemical and environmental processes. However, the transformation mechanism involved and the specific behavior of 2:1 type swelling and non-swelling clay minerals during kaolinization remain poorly understood. In this study, laboratory experiments on the kaolinization of montmorillonite (swelling), illite (non-swelling), and rectorite (partially swelling) were carried out to investigate the kaolinization mechanism of 2:1 type clay minerals and to evaluate whether swelling and non-swelling layers of 2:1 type clay minerals perform differently or not in their kaolinization processes. The results show that montmorillonite, illite, and rectorite in acidic Al3+-containing solutions can be transformed into kaolinite, whereas such transformation is hard to take place in Al3+-free solutions. Part of the Al3+ in the solutions was exchanged into the interlayer spaces of swelling clay minerals at the early stage and resulted in the formation of hydroxy-aluminosilicate (HAS) interlayers, but they show no influence on the transformation process. Interstratified kaolinite-smectite (K-S), kaolinite-illite (K-I), and kaolinite-rectorite (K-R) formed as the intermediate phases during the transformations of the three different precursor minerals, respectively. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that 2:1 type clay minerals, including both swelling and non-swelling ones, can be transformed into kaolinite via a local dissolution-crystallization mechanism, which starts mainly from the layer edges rather than the basal surfaces. Due to different dissolution rates from domain to domain within a precursor mineral particle, the layers with a low dissolution rate become “splints,” while the dissolved elements are concentrated between two “splints,” leading to precipitation of kaolinite along the basal surfaces of precursor minerals. The size and stacking order of the newly formed kaolinite strongly depend on the morphology and property of the precursor minerals. These findings not only are of importance for better understanding the transformation procedures between different clay minerals and the mechanisms involved but also provide new insights for well understanding mineral-water interactions that are central to all geochemical processes.

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