scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Mining Control in Latin America

Mining ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-18
Author(s):  
Alby Aguilar-Pesantes ◽  
Elizabeth Peña Carpio ◽  
Tomas Vitvar ◽  
Ronald Koepke ◽  
Juan M. Menéndez-Aguado
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Environmental Accidents ◽  
Environmental Controls ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Global Initiatives

This study analyzes various regulatory framework mechanisms applied to prevent, minimize, and mitigate environmental accidents and disasters, within the extractive mining industry, in seven Latin American countries. The selected countries offer an ample view of the mining industry specter since each one of them is at the different development stages, such as Chile, Bolivia, Mexico, and Brazil. Nevertheless, some of the countries have similar technical characteristics, as is the case of Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador. Controls and regulations employed in each of the countries reveal particularities that should be appreciated and understood. In conclusion, the existence of mining regulations has not diminished the occurrence of environmental accidents in those countries. However, the existing environmental controls allow authorities to quantify with substantial precision the degree of impact coming from Latin America’s mining industry. Furthermore, for more than a decade, mining industries have been subjected to several global initiatives to integrate elements of corporative social responsibility into their management systems—mainly in strong cooperation with different governmental formalization programs. The key focus is, cooperation among different scales (industry and small-scale and artisanal mining) which challenged, but also improved the capacities of environmental authorities and the effectiveness of different legal frameworks.

Temporal Patterns in Latin American Truth Commission Recommendation Formulation and Implementation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Eric Wiebelhaus-Brahm ◽  
Dylan Wright
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Transitional Justice ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Political Transition ◽  
Truth Commissions ◽  
Truth Commission ◽  
Commission Recommendation ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Global Initiatives

Abstract Remarkably little attention has focused on the formulation and implementation of truth commission (tc) recommendations. We use Skaar et al.’s original data on approximately 1000 recommendations produced by 13 truth commissions established in 11 Latin American countries between 1983 and 2014 to examine how recommendations and government responses to them have evolved over nearly 40 years. Truth commissions appear to be regularly influenced by major global transitional justice and human rights developments as they formulate recommendations. They target specific marginalised identity groups in their recommendations, particularly after major global initiatives to recognise the rights of such groups. Yet, governments often forego implementing such recommendations. Recommendations also appear to be shaped by whether the commission was established right after a political transition. Post-transitional commissions, which come five or more years after transition, issue more recommendations dealing with reparations of all sorts. However, whether overwhelmed by the number of proposals or more immune to pressure to enact such measures, governments implement these recommendations less regularly. These commissions also do not invoke the importance of reconciliation as transitional commissions do.

Costs drive US retirement migration to Latin America

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Retirement Communities ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Retirement Migration ◽  
Latin American Countries

Subject The growth of Latin America as a destination for foreign retirees. Significance Several Latin American countries offer incentives to encourage foreigners -- particularly from the United States -- to retire there. While this is still a relatively small-scale phenomenon, it has been growing over recent years and has a significant economic impact in areas where retirees are concentrated. Impacts Latin American countries offer increasingly generous incentives to encourage retirees to settle there. Any increase in political instability in destination countries would stem the flow of retirees quickly and dramatically. Cultural and language barriers will be a major deterrent despite the growth of retirement communities.

Market orientation and business results among small‐scale service firms

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-166
Author(s):  
Ana Isabel Polo Peña ◽  
Dolores María Frías Jamilena ◽  
José Alberto Castañeda García
Keyword(s):  
Market Orientation ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
National Level ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Service Firms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Business Results ◽  
Latin American Countries

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to validate market orientation (MO) and business results scales in an area of significant interest for the literature: namely, service firms of a small and micro‐scale in a market sharing many similarities with Latin America (cultural, social and economic), specifically the Spanish rural tourism market. Design/methodology/approach On the basis of a literature review covering works specializing in MO and its impact on the service sector, and in the characteristics of small‐ and micro‐sized service firms (SMSF), a qualitative and a quantitative study are carried out in Spain, at a national level. Findings The results validate the scales and identify that MO comprises the following dimensions: information‐gathering, dissemination of information, and response to the market. The validated business results scale includes economic/financial results and others of a more personal nature linked to the entrepreneur business owner. Practical implications The work provides knowledge regarding the activities undertaken by SMSF in the area of MO. Professionals from the small‐ and micro‐sized service sector can use this knowledge to plan and design market‐focussed actions that will lead to improved business performance. Originality/value The work validates MO and business results scales that have been widely studied throughout the literature but that leave a significant gap in the case of SMSF operating in Latin American countries. The business base in these countries comprises a large percentage of such small‐scale operations.

Consent, coercion and cooperativismo: Mining cooperatives and resource regimes in Bolivia

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Marston ◽  
Tom Perreault
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Mineral Water ◽  
Mining Activity ◽  
Resource Extraction ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Political Unrest ◽  
Historical Relationship ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Latin American Countries

This paper examines ways in which regional political, economic, and cultural hegemonies maintain “resource regimes” by exploring the emergence of mining cooperatives as central actors in Bolivia’s extractive economy. Like much of Latin America, Bolivia is experiencing a boom in resource extraction. Unlike other Latin American countries, in which the surge in mining activity is driven almost entirely by private, mostly transnational capital, relatively small-scale mining cooperatives play a major role in Bolivia’s mining economy. We draw on the Gramscian concepts of hegemony and the integral state to explore the historical and contemporary relationship between mining cooperatives and unfolding patterns of mineral, water, and territorial governance, particularly in Oruro and Potosí departments. We argue that the regional hegemony of the mining economy has been constructed and maintained by the close historical relationship between mining cooperatives and the Bolivian state. Since the 1930s, the state has supported the formation of mining cooperatives as a means of bolstering the mining economy and stemming political unrest; in recent decades, however, cooperatives have become more actively involved in the maintenance of mining’s regional hegemony.

Test Use in Spain, Portugal and Latin American Countries

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Muñiz ◽  
Gerardo Prieto ◽  
Leandro Almeida ◽  
Dave Bartram
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Test Construction ◽  
European Federation ◽  
Psychometric Characteristics ◽  
Testing Practices ◽  
Professional Psychologists ◽  
Test Use ◽  
Latin American Countries

Summary: The two main sources of errors in educational and psychological evaluation are the lack of adequate technical and psychometric characteristics of the tests, and especially the failure to properly implement the testing process. The main goal of the present research is to study the situation of test construction and test use in the Spanish-speaking (Spain and Latin American countries) and Portuguese-speaking (Portugal and Brazil) countries. The data were collected using a questionnaire constructed by the European Federation of Professional Psychologists Association (EFPPA) Task Force on Tests and Testing, under the direction of D. Bartram . In addition to the questionnaire, other ad hoc data were also gathered. Four main areas of psychological testing were investigated: Educational, Clinical, Forensic and Work. Key persons were identified in each country in order to provide reliable information. The main results are presented, and some measures that could be taken in order to improve the current testing practices in the countries surveyed are discussed. As most of the tests used in these countries were originally developed in other cultures, a problem that appears to be especially relevant is the translation and adaptation of tests.

Test movement in Ibero-Latin American countries

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solange Muglia Wechsler ◽  
Maria Perez Solis ◽  
Conceicao Ferreira ◽  
Isabel Magno ◽  
Norma Contini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Latin American Countries

The Spanish Translation of Les Leçons de chimie élémentaire: On the Legal Status of Translation and its Various Values

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 201-215
Author(s):  
Tania P. Hernández-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Complex Network ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Spanish Translation ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Translation Rights ◽  
International Legal System ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Legal Battle

Throughout the nineteenth century, European booksellers and publishers, mostly from France, England, Germany and Spain, produced textual materials in Europe and introduced them into Mexico and other Latin American countries. These transatlantic interchanges unfolded against the backdrop of the emergence of the international legal system to protect translation rights and required the involvement of a complex network of agents who carried with them publishing, translating and negotiating practices, in addition to books, pamphlets, prints and other goods. Tracing the trajectories of translated books and the socio-cultural, economic and legal forces shaping them, this article examines the legal battle over the translation and publishing rights of Les Leçons de chimie élémentaire, a chemistry book authored by Jean Girardin and translated and published in Spanish by Jean-Frédéric Rosa. Drawing on a socio-historical approach to translation, I argue that the arguments presented by both parties are indicative of the uncertainty surrounding the legal status of translated texts and of the different values then attributed to translation.

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