scholarly journals The Role of microRNAs in the Mammary Gland Development, Health, and Function of Cattle, Goats, and Sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Artem P. Dysin ◽  
Olga Y. Barkova ◽  
Marina V. Pozovnikova
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Current State ◽  
Complex Structural ◽  
And Function ◽  
Gland Development

Milk is an integral and therefore complex structural element of mammalian nutrition. Therefore, it is simple to conclude that lactation, the process of producing milk, is as complex as the mammary gland, the organ responsible for this biochemical activity. Nutrition, genetics, epigenetics, disease pathogens, climatic conditions, and other environmental variables all impact breast productivity. In the last decade, the number of studies devoted to epigenetics has increased dramatically. Reports are increasingly describing the direct participation of microRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally, in the regulation of mammary gland development and function. This paper presents a summary of the current state of knowledge about the roles of miRNAs in mammary gland development, health, and functions, particularly during lactation. The significance of miRNAs in signaling pathways, cellular proliferation, and the lipid metabolism in agricultural ruminants, which are crucial in light of their role in the nutrition of humans as consumers of dairy products, is discussed.

scholarly journals Mammary Gland Specific Knockdown of the Physiological Surge in Cx26 during Lactation Retains Normal Mammary Gland Development and Function

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e101546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K. G. Stewart ◽  
Isabelle Plante ◽  
John F. Bechberger ◽  
Christian C. Naus ◽  
Dale W. Laird
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Normal Mammary Gland ◽  
And Function ◽  
Gland Development

scholarly journals Impaired Mammary Gland Development and Function in Mice Lacking LAR Receptor-like Tyrosine Phosphatase Activity

1997 ◽  
Vol 188 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roel Q.J. Schaapveld ◽  
Jan T.G. Schepens ◽  
Gertraud W. Robinson ◽  
Joline Attema ◽  
Frank T.J.J. Oerlemans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Tyrosine Phosphatase ◽  
And Function ◽  
Gland Development

scholarly journals Insights into the role of connexins in mammary gland morphogenesis and function

Reproduction ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 149 (6) ◽  
pp. R279-R290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K G Stewart ◽  
Jamie Simek ◽  
Dale W Laird
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Gap Junctions ◽  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Mammary Gland Morphogenesis ◽  
Gland Morphogenesis ◽  
Cell Death Mechanisms ◽  
And Function ◽  
Gland Development

Gap junctions formed of connexin subunits link adjacent cells by direct intercellular communication that is essential for normal tissue homeostasis in the mammary gland. The mammary gland undergoes immense remodeling and requires exquisite regulation to control the proliferative, differentiating, and cell death mechanisms regulating gland development and function. The generation of novel genetically modified mice with reduced or ablated connexin function within the mammary gland has advanced our understanding of the role of gap junctions during the complex and dynamic process of mammary gland development. These studies have revealed an important stage-specific role for Cx26 (GJA1) and Cx43 (GJB2), while Cx30 (GJB6) and Cx32 (Gjb1) can be eliminated without compromising the gland. Yet, there remain gaps in our understanding of the role of mammary gland gap junctions.

scholarly journals Establishment and characterization of mammary organoids from non-traditional model organisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna P. Bartlett ◽  
Gerlinde R. Van de Walle
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Traditional Model ◽  
Mammary Gland Tissue ◽  
3D Matrix ◽  
And Function ◽  
Gland Development

ABSTRACTMammary organoid (MaO) models are only available for a few traditional model organisms, limiting our ability to investigate mammary gland development and cancer across the diverse taxa of mammals. For example, horses are mammals with a similar mammary anatomy and function as humans, but they have a remarkably low incidence of mammary cancer, making the development of MaOs in non-traditional model organisms attractive, particularly in comparative cancer research. This study established equine mammary organoids (EqMaOs) from mammary gland tissue fragments and evaluated parameters including diameter, budding, and growth stage in non-budding EqMaOs, in cultures with increasing concentrations of epidermal growth factor (EGF), a key growth factor implicated in mammary gland development. Our findings showed that EqMaO diameter is not influenced by EGF concentration, whereas number of EqMaOs with budding and stage in non-budding EqMaOs are positively influenced by increasing EGF concentration. EqMaOs also formed protrusions with putative functions, including organoid fusion and sensory functions. We further characterized EqMaOs by the presence of myoepithelial and luminal cells using immunohistochemistry and used the hormone prolactin to stimulate milk secretion, as illustrated by β-lactoglobulin expression, in these EqMaOs. Additionally, we showed that our method to establish MaOs is widely applicable to additional non-traditional mammalian model organisms such as cat, pig, deer, rabbit, and prairie vole. Collectively, MaO models across species will be a useful tool for comparative developmental and cancer studies.Summary statementMammary organoids can be established from various mammals by embedding mammary tissue fragments into a 3D matrix, providing a high-throughput, physiologically accurate model for comparative studies centered on mammary gland development and cancer.

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