Sensory Perception of an Oral Rehydration Solution during Exercise in the Heat

Prolonged exercise in the heat elicits a number of physiological changes as glycogen stores are low and water and electrolytes are lost through sweat. However, it is unclear whether these changes provoke an increase in liking of saltiness and, therefore, palatability of an oral rehydration solution (ORS). Twenty-seven recreationally active participants (n = 13 males; n = 14 females) completed sensory analysis of an ORS, a traditional sports drink (TS), and a flavored water placebo (PL) at rest and during 60 min (3 × 20-min bouts) of cycling exercise at 70% age-predicted maximum heart rate (HRmax) at 35.3 ± 1.4 °C and 41 ± 6% relative humidity. Before and after every 20 min of exercise, drinks were rated (using 20-mL beverage samples) based on liking of sweetness, liking of saltiness, thirst-quenching ability, and overall liking on a nine-point hedonic scale. Hydration status was assessed by changes in semi-nude body mass, saliva osmolality (SOsm), and saliva total protein concentration (SPC). After 60 min of exercise, participants lost 1.36 ± 0.39% (mean ± SD) of body mass and there were increases in SOsm and SPC. At all time points, liking of sweetness, saltiness, thirst-quenching ability, and overall liking was higher for the TS and PL compared to the ORS (p < 0.05). However, the saltiness liking and thirst-quenching ability of the ORS increased after 60 min of exercise compared to before exercise (p < 0.05). There was also a change in predictors of overall liking with pre-exercise ratings mostly determined by liking of sweetness, saltiness, and thirst-quenching ability (p < 0.001), whereas only liking of saltiness predicted overall liking post-exercise (R2 = 0.751; p < 0.001). There appears to be a hedonic shift during exercise in which the perception of saltiness becomes the most important predictor of overall liking. This finding supports the potential use of an ORS as a valuable means of hydration during the latter stages of prolonged and/or intense exercise in the heat.

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Clinical Trial of Glucose-Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS), Rice Dextrin-ORS, and Rice Flour-ORS for the Management of Children With Acute Diarrhea and Mild or Moderate Dehydration

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.95.2.191 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 95 (2) ◽

pp. 191-197

Author(s):

Susana Molina ◽

Carolina Vettorazzi ◽

Janet M. Peerson ◽

Noel W. Solomons ◽

Kenneth H. Brown

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Treatment Group ◽

Acute Diarrhea ◽

Oral Rehydration Solution ◽

Rice Flour ◽

Watery Diarrhea ◽

Hydration Status ◽

Oral Rehydration ◽

Acute Watery Diarrhea ◽

Rehydration Solution

Objective. To assess the effects of glucose (G)-oral rehydration solution (ORS), rice dextrin (RD)-ORS, and rice flour (RF)-ORS on fluid intake, rapidity of rehydration, and stool output of children with acute diarrhea and mild or moderate dehydration. Methods. The study was a randomized, double-masked clinical trial. One hundred forty-six male infants, ages 3 to 36 months, were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. Clinical evaluations and fluid balances were conducted every 2 to 4 hours for 48 hours. Principal outcome variables were ORS consumption, recovery of hydration status, and fecal output. Results. The groups were similar at admission with regard to age, nutritional status, history of the current episode, and clinical status. There were no differences in ORS consumption by treatment group during any period of study. During the first 6-hour period, patients in group RF had less stool output (16 ± 14 g/kg/body weight) than those in group G (22 ± 20 g/kg) or RD (21 ± 19 g/kg; P < .05). After 12 hours of hospitalization, there were no differences by treatment group. Recovery of hydration status, changes in serum sodium and potassium, and duration of diarrhea in the hospital were similar in all three groups. Conclusion. There was a 24% to 27% reduction in stool output during the first 6 hours of treatment among children who received RF-ORS compared with those who received G-ORS or RD-ORS, but this effect did not persist after the first 12 hours of therapy. Because this difference was of small magnitude and limited duration, it has minor clinical importance. Thus, we conclude that the three solutions had similar efficacy for children with acute, watery diarrhea and mild or moderate dehydration.

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Body Mass Index (BMI) is Associated with the Therapeutic Response to Oral Rehydration Solution in Children with Postural Tachycardia Syndrome

Pediatric Cardiology ◽

10.1007/s00246-016-1436-1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (7) ◽

pp. 1313-1318 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Hongxia Li ◽

Yuli Wang ◽

Ping Liu ◽

Yonghong Chen ◽

Xueli Feng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Mass ◽

Therapeutic Response ◽

Oral Rehydration Solution ◽

Postural Tachycardia Syndrome ◽

Oral Rehydration ◽

Postural Tachycardia ◽

Rehydration Solution

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Effect of oral rehydration solution versus spring water intake during exercise in the heat on muscle cramp susceptibility of young men

10.21203/rs.3.rs-96830/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Wing Yin Lau ◽

Haruyasu Kato ◽

Kazunori Nosaka

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Oral Rehydration Solution ◽

Spring Water ◽

The Body ◽

Muscle Cramp ◽

Oral Rehydration ◽

Water Condition ◽

Water Ingestion ◽

Rehydration Solution

Abstract Background: Muscle cramp is a painful, involuntary muscle contraction, and occurs during or following exercise, which is referred to as exercise-associated muscle cramp (EAMC). The causes of EAMC are likely to be multifactorial, but dehydration and electrolytes deficits have been considered to be factors. This study tested the hypothesis that post-exercise muscle cramp susceptibility would be increased with spring water ingestion, but reduced with oral rehydration solution (ORS) ingestion during exercise. Methods: Ten men performed downhill running (DHR) in the heat (35–36°C) for 40–60 min to reduce 1.5–2% of their body mass in two conditions (spring water vs ORS) in a cross-over design. The body mass was measured at 20 min and every 10 min thereafter during DHR, and 30 min post-DHR. The participants ingested either spring water or ORS for the body mass loss in each period. The two conditions were counter-balanced among the participants and separated by a week. Calf muscle cramp susceptibility was assessed by a threshold frequency (TF) of an electrical train stimulation to induce cramp before, immediately after, 30 and 65 min post-DHR. Blood samples were taken before, immediately and 65 min after DHR to measure serum sodium, potassium, magnesium and chroride concentrations, hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), and serum osmolarity. Changes in these varaibles over time were compared between conditions by two-way repeated measures of analysis of variance. Results: The average (±SD) baseline TF (25.6 ± 0.7 Hz) was the same between conditions. TF decreased by 3.8 ± 2.7 to 4.5 ± 1.7 Hz from immediately to 65 min post-DHR for the spring water condition, but increased by 6.5 ± 4.9 to 13.6 ± 6.0 Hz in the same time period for the ORS condition (P<0.05). Hct and Hb did not change significantly (P>0.05) for both conditions, but osmolarity decreased (P<0.05) only for the spring water condition. Serum sodium and chloride concentrations decreased (<2%) at immediately post-DHR for the spring water condition only (P<0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that ORS intake during exercise decreased muscle cramp susceptibility. It was concluded that ingesting ORS appeared to be effective for preventing EAMC.

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Effect of oral rehydration solution versus spring water intake during exercise in the heat on muscle cramp susceptibility of young men

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition ◽

10.1186/s12970-021-00414-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Wing Yin Lau ◽

Haruyasu Kato ◽

Kazunori Nosaka

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Serum Sodium ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Oral Rehydration Solution ◽

Spring Water ◽

The Body ◽

Muscle Cramp ◽

Oral Rehydration ◽

Water Condition ◽

Rehydration Solution

Abstract Background Muscle cramp is a painful, involuntary muscle contraction, and that occurs during or following exercise is referred to as exercise-associated muscle cramp (EAMC). The causes of EAMC are likely to be multifactorial, but dehydration and electrolytes deficits are considered to be factors. This study tested the hypothesis that post-exercise muscle cramp susceptibility would be increased with spring water ingestion, but reduced with oral rehydration solution (ORS) ingestion during exercise. Methods Ten men performed downhill running (DHR) in the heat (35–36 °C) for 40–60 min to reduce 1.5–2% of their body mass in two conditions (spring water vs ORS) in a cross-over design. The body mass was measured at 20 min and every 10 min thereafter during DHR, and 30 min post-DHR. The participants ingested either spring water or ORS for the body mass loss in each period. The two conditions were counter-balanced among the participants and separated by a week. Calf muscle cramp susceptibility was assessed by a threshold frequency (TF) of an electrical train stimulation to induce cramp before, immediately after, 30 and 65 min post-DHR. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after and 65 min after DHR to measure serum sodium, potassium, magnesium and chroride concentrations, hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), and serum osmolarity. Changes in these varaibles over time were compared between conditions by two-way repeated measures of analysis of variance. Results The average (±SD) baseline TF (25.6 ± 0.7 Hz) was the same between conditions. TF decreased 3.8 ± 2.7 to 4.5 ± 1.7 Hz from the baseline value immediately to 65 min post-DHR for the spring water condition, but increased 6.5 ± 4.9 to 13.6 ± 6.0 Hz in the same time period for the ORS condition (P < 0.05). Hct and Hb did not change significantly (P > 0.05) for both conditions, but osmolarity decreased (P < 0.05) only for the spring water condition. Serum sodium and chloride concentrations decreased (< 2%) at immediately post-DHR for the spring water condition only (P < 0.05). Conclusions These results suggest that ORS intake during exercise decreased muscle cramp susceptibility. It was concluded that ingesting ORS appeared to be effective for preventing EAMC.

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Are oral rehydration solutions optimized for treating diarrhea?

Nutrition and Health ◽

10.1177/0260106021991641 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 026010602199164

Author(s):

Samuel N Cheuvront ◽

Robert W Kenefick ◽

Laura Luque ◽

Katherine M Mitchell ◽

Sadasivan Vidyasagar

Keyword(s):

Water Absorption ◽

Intestinal Absorption ◽

Turning Point ◽

Oral Rehydration Solution ◽

Salt Water ◽

Food Science ◽

Oral Rehydration ◽

Rehydration Solutions ◽

Rehydration Solution ◽

Stool Volume

Background: A historical turning point occurred in the treatment of diarrhea when it was discovered that glucose could enhance intestinal sodium and water absorption. Adding glucose to salt water (oral rehydration solution, ORS) more efficiently replaced intestinal water and salt losses. Aim: Provide a novel hypothesis to explain why mainstream use of ORS has been strongly recommended, but weakly adopted. Methods: Traditional (absorptive) and novel (secretory) physiological functions of glucose in an ORS were reviewed. Results: Small amounts of glucose can stimulate both intestinal absorption and secretion. Glucose can exacerbate a net secretory state and may aggravate pathogen-induced diarrhea, particularly for pathogens that affect glucose transport. Conclusion: A hypothesis is made to explain why glucose-based ORS does not appreciably reduce diarrheal stool volume and why modern food science initiatives should focus on ORS formulations that replace water and electrolytes while also reducing stool volume and duration of diarrhea.

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